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Canada

Capital:Ottawa
Population:38.8M
Currency:Canadian dollars (CAD)
Language:English (official) 58.8%, French (official) 21.6%, other 19.6%
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Quick Look Factsheet

A multi-page overview of Canada.

Canada Factsheet

Customs and Culture

Cultural Attributes

Despite close ties to the United States, Canadians emphasize they are not Americans living in a northern country. To be bilingual in Canada means to be able to speak both English and French. An anglophone is someone whose mother tongue is English. A francophone is a French speaker. There are regional variations in the language. English speakers in some areas punctuate their sentences with the word Quebec slang, which uses many English words, called joual. Newfoundlanders use many words that are unique to their province. Success is measured by personal achievement. Canadians tend to be self-confident and open to discussions on general topics; however, they hold their personal privacy off limits to all but their closest friends.

There is tension between the French province of Quebec and other Canadian provinces. Citizens of Quebec tend to be more private and reserved. Generally, Canadians admire educated and skilled people.

Cultural trends in modern Canada reveal a commitment to peace and acceptance of all people. The government exercises considerable authority to ensure that such remains the case, as can be seen by the fact that the government provides not only education but also health care and other social systems for its citizens. While some debate the effectiveness of the national control of social issues, the underlying principle is the desire to ensure that all Canadians have equal opportunity to speak openly, think independently, and receive equal opportunity.

Perhaps in no other national issue can this commitment be better observed than in the long-running challenge of the country's roots coming from two major world powers at the time of European settlement: England and France. The province of Quebec is firmly rooted in the French language and culture, as are large portions of several other provinces, while the rest of the country claims a more British-centered heritage. In order to preserve peace, tolerance and acceptance have become the watchwords of the more successful political powers.

One consequence of this attitude of tolerance has been that Canada is seen as a safe landing place by immigrants from subcultures from around the world. This has led to a population of great diversity, not only in the country of origin but more importantly in basic belief systems.

Another area where the commitment to peace is manifest is in Canadian military operations and commitments. Although it is a very large country with a relatively small population, the Canadian armed forces have played critical roles in world conflicts over the past century. These roles have changed over time, from a more active stance in the great World Wars to their current service as peacekeeping forces in various hot spots around the world.

Peace, tolerance, and a commitment to the equal acceptance of all - are values that reflect Canada's history, is their present approach to life as a nation, and a road map that they hope will lead them through an uncertain future.

Banff National Park  Canadian Rockies

Land of Boundless Wilderness and Two Voices

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6 more cultural topics for members

Social Customs & Etiquette · Diet · Family · Dating Customs · Recreation · Student Life

Holidays

  • Canada Day

    7/1

    Independence

  • Birth date - Sir John Alexander Macdonald

    1/11

    Birthday

    Birth date - Sir John Alexander Macdonald - first prime minister of Canada, was born on Jan. 11, 1815.

  • Christmas

    12/25

Dates of Interest

  • November - January

    American and Horseshoe Falls are illuminated and fireworks are set off over the Falls.

How do people greet each other in Canada?

A handshake with direct eye contact is standard for both men and women, and in Quebec adults might also exchange a polite kiss on each cheek.

Do

  • Look directly at the person and maintain eye contact while shaking hands
  • Wait until your host uses your first name before doing the same
  • In Quebec, use the more formal form of "you" until invited to do otherwise
  • Refer to people by their academic degrees or honors, especially in Quebec

Don’t

  • Don't assume you must address people by formal titles outside Quebec

Good to know

  • Men need not wait for a woman to extend her hand first
  • Women who are good friends may share a brief hug; reuniting family members often hug in greeting and farewell
  • French Canadians shake hands more often, even on a second encounter the same day
  • If uncertain about formal meetings, ask a trusted host or colleague in advance

What are the dining customs in Canada?

Canadians eat three meals a day, with supper/dinner (5:30-7:30pm) being the largest, and value directness and polite table manners.

Do

  • Bring an inexpensive gift such as flowers, chocolates, or a bottle of wine when invited to dinner
  • Offer main dishes to others before serving yourself
  • Say "No, thank you" if you prefer not to eat something, and "Thank you" to accept
  • Place your knife and fork by the side of your plate if pausing, or on the plate when finished

Don’t

  • Don't put your elbows on the table or speak with your mouth full
  • Don't chew noisily or slurp
  • Don't snap your fingers at waiters—raise your hand or say "excuse me"
  • Don't eat or drink in the street, on public transport, or in shops, banks, offices, or post offices

Good to know

  • The hostess customarily begins the meal first
  • Ask the host what time to arrive and whether to dress casually or formally
  • A thank-you call or note a few days after a dinner party is appreciated; reciprocate with an invitation within a few weeks
  • Salt and white vinegar, and gravy, are popular condiments for French fries

What etiquette should I know when visiting a Canadian home?

Canadians are informal but appreciate courtesy; call ahead before visiting and be genuine and open with your hosts.

Do

  • Call in advance to confirm the family will be home
  • Arrive on time, though 15-30 minutes late is acceptable for larger social events
  • Politely decline refreshments if you're not in the mood—this is not offensive

Don’t

  • Don't wear strong perfumes or colognes to a business meeting; scents are prohibited in medical offices
  • Don't bring white lilies (reserved for funerals) or red roses (which imply romance)

Good to know

  • A gift is not expected, but a small bouquet or a light dessert is a nice gesture
  • Watch for lulls in conversation or signs of fatigue as a cue to leave

How should I dress in Canada?

Canadians generally dress informally and casually, especially outside larger cities, though business settings can require formal attire.

Do

  • Wear business attire such as suits and ties for men, or equivalent, in business settings

Good to know

  • Blue jeans and T-shirts are the most popular casual clothing for all ages
  • Larger cities follow the fashion trends of Paris and New York
  • Jewelry is worn casually by women and increasingly by men; men from conservative areas are unlikely to wear necklaces or earrings

What gestures should I be aware of in Canada?

Canadians value personal space and there are a few gesture guidelines to keep in mind despite their informality.

Do

  • Point at places or things, but gesture toward people with a slight head movement instead
  • Nod your head slightly to show agreement and attentiveness
  • Stand at least an arm's length away after greeting someone

Don’t

  • Don't point directly at people
  • Don't use a thumbs-down gesture in Quebec—it is offensive
  • Don't crowd Canadians during conversation

Good to know

  • Standing when a woman enters the room is seen as courteous
  • Shake hands with the right hand if possible

What is family life like in Canada?

Family life is diverse, ranging from one-parent and two-parent families to common-law marriages, with a typical family of about three members.

Good to know

  • Men and women have fairly equal but different family responsibilities
  • In two-parent families, both parents typically work
  • Multigenerational households are becoming less common
  • Families often enjoy recreation and vacations together

What do people do for recreation in Canada?

Sports and recreation are central to Canadian life, with ice hockey the most popular sport and the official winter sport.

Good to know

  • Popular sports include Canadian football, basketball, baseball, and hockey; lacrosse is the official summer sport
  • Cricket is the fastest-growing sport, and soccer is very popular among youth
  • Individual activities like hiking, camping, bicycling, running, and swimming are popular across all ages
  • Vacationing and exploring the country's diverse geography is an important part of the culture

Last updated: 2026-07-12 · Sources: CountryReports

Photos of Canada

Travel and Tourism

Travel Alert Status
Level 1: Exercise Normal Precautions
Currency
1.331
Time Difference
UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time) time zone note: Canada has six time zones
Climate
The climate varies greatly in the many diversified regions ranging from frigid to mild, but Canada generally may be described as lying in the cool Temperate Zone, with long, cold winters.
Airports
1,453
Recommended Vaccinations
How important is it to do your research about vaccinations? It might just save your life! Make yourself aware of the different types of vaccinations and which ones you may need to travel to your destination. Schedule an appointment with your doctor at least four to six weeks before you travel to ensure you receive all important shots. Be sure that you and your family are up to date on your routine vaccinations. Which vaccinations you need will depend on a number of factors including your destination, whether you will be spending time in rural areas, the season of the year you are traveling, your age, health status, and previous immunizations.
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Recipes

History

Historical Eras

  1. Indigenous & Norse Contact

    15000 BCE – 1497

    For millennia before European arrival, diverse Indigenous peoples — including the Haudenosaunee, Algonquin, Cree, and Pacific Coast nations — established complex cultures, trade networks, and governance systems across the continent. Around AD 1000, Norse explorer Leif Ericson reached the tip of Newfoundland, establishing the settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows, the earliest known European presence in North America, though sustained Norse colonization never followed.

  2. Exploration & New France

    1497 – 1763

    John Cabot's 1497 voyage launched European claims to eastern Canada, followed by Jacques Cartier's explorations of the St. Lawrence in the 1530s and Samuel de Champlain's founding of Quebec City in 1608. France built a colonial empire centered on the fur trade, Catholic missionary activity, and alliances with Indigenous nations. The era ended with British forces defeating the French at the 1759 Battle of the Plains of Abraham and the subsequent Treaty of Paris transferring New France to Britain.

  3. British North America

    1763 – 1867

    Britain consolidated control through measures including the Quebec Act of 1774, which preserved French civil law and Catholic rights, and absorbed tens of thousands of United Empire Loyalists fleeing the American Revolution after 1776. The Constitutional Act of 1791 divided the territory into Upper and Lower Canada. Decades of political agitation — including the Rebellions of 1837–38 — and Lord Durham's subsequent report advocated responsible government, setting Canada on a path toward self-governance.

  4. Confederation & Expansion

    1867 – 1914

    The British North America Act of 1867 united Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick into the Dominion of Canada under Prime Minister John A. Macdonald. Manitoba, British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island joined within a decade, and the Canadian Pacific Railway, completed in 1885, bound the nation coast to coast. Mass immigration to the Prairie provinces and suppression of the Métis-led North-West Resistance of 1885 shaped this era of rapid territorial consolidation.

  5. World Wars & Depression

    1914 – 1945

    Canada entered both World Wars as a British ally, with over 60,000 Canadians killed in the First World War — a sacrifice that forged a distinct national identity and led to full legislative independence through the Statute of Westminster in 1931. The Great Depression of the 1930s devastated the Prairie wheat economy and gave rise to new political movements including the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation. Canada's decisive contributions in the Second World War, including the D-Day landings at Juno Beach, cemented its standing as a sovereign middle power.

  6. Modern Canada

    1945 – present

    Post-war Canada built a welfare state including universal healthcare, absorbed waves of immigration that transformed its multicultural character, and repatriated its constitution from Britain in 1982 under Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, adding the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Quebec nationalism — peaking in two sovereignty referendums in 1980 and 1995 — remained the defining political tension alongside growing recognition of Indigenous rights and reconciliation efforts. Canada today is a G7 economy and founding NATO member navigating a deeply integrated relationship with the United States.

Overview

Canada and the United States have many major geographic features in common. They share the Rocky Mountains, the Interior Plains, four of the Great Lakes, the Appalachian Highlands, and many rivers. It is hardly surprising, therefore, that the stories of the exploration and settlement of both of these nations are closely interwoven. The complete history of neither Canada nor the United States can be studied without reference to the history of the other. Each is today an independent nation.

Timeline of Key Events

  1. 1000

    Viking Explorations

    Leif Ericsson and other Vikings visit Newfoundland and Labrador.

  2. 1497

    Cabot Explorations

    Italian-born navigator John Cabot reaches the coasts of Newfoundland and Cape Breton.

  3. 1534

    Cartier-Champlain Explorations

    Jacques Cartier explores the St Lawrence river, claims the shores of the Gulf of St Lawrence for France.

  4. 1605

    Port Royal is established in Nova Scotia by the French under Samuel de Champlain.

    Port Royal is established in Nova Scotia by the French under Samuel de Champlain.

  5. 1670

    Hudson’s Bay Company formed

    Hudson’s Bay Company established by London traders. The company holds trading rights for regions whose rivers drain into Hudson Bay.

  6. 1672

    Frontenac becomes the Governor of Quebec

    New France Expansion Under Frontenac.

  7. 1758

    British capture Ft. Louisburg & french power declines.

    British capture Ft. Louisburg & french power declines.

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Interesting Facts

  • When a child loses a tooth they put tooth under their pillow and the Tooth Fairy comes.

  • In the Yellowknife Dene (Northwest Territories) area, when a child loses a tooth the mother or grandmother takes the tooth and puts it in a tree and then the family dances around it. This makes certain that the new tooth will grow in as straight as a tree.

  • The most extreme tides occur in the Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia. There the water level rises and falls more than 50 feet every six hours. The tide here comes in so fast that it can overtake a person trying to outrun it.

  • The CN Tower was built by the Canadian National Railway. At 181 storiess, it is the world's tallest building and free-standing structure Height of: § Glass Floor - 113 stories - 342m (1,122ft.) § Look Out Level - 114 stories- 346m (1,136ft.) § Sky Pod - 147 stories- 447m (1,465ft.) . Opened to the public on June 26, 1976. Official opening on October 1, 1976 Original cost: $63 million Adjusted cost (1999 dollars): $260 million Construction started on February 6, 1973 Total construction time: 40 months Tower sphere construction (middle portion) started on August 1974 Antenna construction started on March 1975 Construction of The Tower was completed on February 22, 1974, and the antenna was completed on April 2, 1975 Number of construction workers: 1,537 Total weight of the Tower: 117,910 metric tonnes (130,000 tons) Volume of concrete: 40,523.8 cubic meters (53,000 cubic yards) Tensioned steel: 128.7km (80 miles) Reinforcing steel: 4,535 metric tonnes (5,000 tons) Structural steel: 544.2 metric tonnes (600 tons).

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Geography and Environment

The world’s second largest country in land area (3,851,809 square miles), Canada is bordered on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the northeast by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the U.S., and on the west by the Pacific Ocean and Alaska. Much of Canada’s industry is concentrated in the southeast near the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River, in an environment similar to adjacent areas of the U.S.
Terrain
mostly plains with mountains in west and lowlands in southeast
Climate
The climate varies greatly in the many diversified regions ranging from frigid to mild, but Canada generally may be described as lying in the cool Temperate Zone, with long, cold winters
Natural Hazards
continuous permafrost in north is a serious obstacle to development; cyclonic storms form east of the Rocky Mountains, a result of the mixing of air masses from the Arctic, Pacific, and North American interior, and produce most of the country's rain and snow east of the mountains
Current Environmental Issues
air pollution and resulting acid rain severely affecting lakes and damaging forests; metal smelting, coal-burning utilities, and vehicle emissions impacting on agricultural and forest productivity; ocean waters becoming contaminated due to agricultural, industrial, mining, and forestry activities
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People & Demographics

Religion

Languages Spoken

English (official) 58.8%, French (official) 21.6%, other 19.6%

  • English
  • French

Population

Population
38,781,292
Population: Male/Female
male: 19,234,729 female: 19,560,084
Population Distribution
vast majority of Canadians are positioned in a discontinuous band within approximately 300 km of the southern border with the United States; the most populated province is Ontario, followed by Quebec and British Columbia
Urban Population
urban population: 81.9% of total population rate of urbanization: 0.95% annual rate of change
Population in Major Urban Areas
6.372 million Toronto, 4.308 million Montreal, 2.657 million Vancouver, 1.640 million Calgary, 1.544 million Edmonton, 1.437 million OTTAWA (capital)
Nationality Noun
noun: Canadian(s) adjective: Canadian
Ethnic Groups
Canadian 15.6%, English 14.7%, Scottish 12.1%, French 11%, Irish 12.1%, German 8.1%, Chinese 4.7%, Italian 4.3%, First Nations 1.7%, Indian 3.7%, Ukrainian 3.5%, Metis 1.5%
Language Note
English (official) 87.1%, French (official) 29.1%, Chinese languages 4.2%, Spanish 3.2%, Punjabi 2.6%, Arabic 2.4%, Tagalog 2.3%, Italian 1.5%

Education

Literacy Definition
Age 15 and over can read and write

Because Canadian schools are funded and overseen at the federal, provincial, and local government levels, the quality of the structures and classroom resources can vary somewhat. In general, schools are in good shape and are run well.

Perhaps of more interest, schools can vary their curriculum significantly. For example, at Vimy Ridge Academy in Edmonton School District in Alberta, students learn hockey skills for half of the school day. Some schools are taught in French, others in English. Some have Christian agendas, others are Islamic, and at least one concentrates on both.

Most schools require their students to bring their own lunches from home, and those who live close enough to the school sometimes will walk home for lunch and come back to school for the afternoon session. A few schools do have a cafeteria, mostly at the high school level. There is no national school lunch or breakfast program for Canadian schools.

Health Information

Life Expectancy at Birth
Total population: 82.6 years Male: 80.6 years Female: 84.6 years
Alcohol consumption per capita
total: 8 liters of pure alcohol beer: 3.5 liters of pure alcohol wine: 2 liters of pure alcohol spirits: 2.1 liters of pure alcohol other alcohols: 0.4 liters of pure alcohol
Tobacco Use
total: 13% male: 15.3% female: 10.7%
Infant Mortality Rate
total: 4.3 deaths/1,000 live births male: 4.5 deaths/1,000 live births female: 4 deaths/1,000 live births

Life Expectancy

Life Expectancy at Birth
Total population: 82.6 years Male: 80.6 years Female: 84.6 years
Median Age
total: 42.6 years male: 41.4 years female: 43.8 years
Age Structure
0-14 years: 15.5% (male 3,098,478/female 2,929,148) 15-64 years: 63.4% (male 12,382,422/female 12,227,512) 65 years and over: 21% (male 3,753,829/female 4,403,424)
Infant Mortality Rate
total: 4.3 deaths/1,000 live births male: 4.5 deaths/1,000 live births female: 4 deaths/1,000 live births
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Government & Politics

Country Identity

Country Name
Canada

Government Structure

Government Type
confederation with parliamentary democracy
Legal System
based on English common law, except in Quebec, where civil law system based on French law prevails; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Executive Branch
chief of state: King CHARLES III (since 8 September 2022), represented by Governor General Mary SIMON (since 21 July 2021) head of government: Prime Minister Mark CARNEY (since 14 March 2025) cabinet: Federal Ministry chosen by the prime minister, typically from among members of his own party sitting in Parliament elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; the governor general is appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister for a five-year term; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition in the House of Commons is designated prime minister by the governor general
Legislative Branch
Bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of the Senate or Sénat (105 seats; members appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister and serve until reaching 75 years of age) and the House of Commons or Chambre des Communes (338 seats; members elected by direct, popular vote to serve for up to five-year terms). Elections: House of Commons - last held 20 September 2021 (next to be held no later than 20 October 2025). Election results: House of Commons - percent of vote by party - Liberal Party 32.6%, Conservative Party 33.7%, New Democratic Party 17.8%, Bloc Québécois 7.6%, Green Party 2.3%, other 6%; seats by party - Liberal Party 159, Conservative Party 119, New Democratic Party 25, Bloc Québécois 32, Green Party 2, other 1.
Judicial Branch
Supreme Court of Canada (judges are appointed by the prime minister through the governor general); Federal Court of Canada; Federal Court of Appeal; Provincial Courts (these are named variously Court of Appeal, Court of Queens Bench, Superior Court, Supreme Court, and Court of Justice)
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Constitution
17 April 1982 (Constitution Act); originally, the machinery of the government was set up in the British North America Act of 1867; charter of rights and unwritten customs
Independence
1 July 1867 (from UK)
National Holiday
Canada Day, 1 July (1867)

Capital City

Capital Name
Ottawa
Capital - geographic coordinate
45 25 N, 75 42 W
Capital Time Difference
UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time) time zone note: Canada has six time zones

the city lies on the south bank of the Ottawa River, from which it derives its name; the river name comes from the Algonquin word "adawe" meaning "to trade" and refers to the indigenous peoples who used the river as a trade highway

Military

Branches: Canadian Forces: Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy, Royal Canadian Air Force, Canada Command (homeland security)

Embassy / Diplomatic Mission

U.S. Embassy

490 Sussex Drive, K1N 1G8

Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Telephone: (613) 238-5335

Emergency after-hours telephone: (613) 238-5335

Facsimile: (613) 688-3082

Email: OttawaACS@state.gov

The Embassy's consular district includes Ottawa, Eastern Ontario (Kingston, Lanark, Leeds, Prescott, Refrew, Russell, and Stormont), and those parts of Quebec near Ottawa (Outaouais and Abitibi-Témiscamingues).

U.S. Consulates General are located in:

Calgary, Alberta

615 Macleod Trail SE, 10th Floor

Telephone: (403) 266-8962

Emergency after-hours telephone: (403) 266-8962 then press '0'

Facsimile: (403) 263-2241

Email: Calgary-ACS@state.gov

The consular district includes Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and the Northwest Territories, excluding Nunavut.

Halifax, Nova Scotia

Upper Water Street, Suite 904, Purdy's Wharf Tower II

Telephone: (902) 429-2480

Emergency after-hours telephone: (902) 429-2485

Facsimile: (902) 423-6861

Email: Halifax-ACS@state.gov

The consular district includes New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and the French islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon.

Montreal, Quebec

1155 rue St. Alexandre

Telephone: (514) 398-9695

Emergency after-hours telephone: (514) 981-5059

Facsimile: (514) 398-9748

Email: Montreal-ACS@state.gov

The consular district includes Greater Montreal and the regions of Southern Quebec Province (Laurentides, Lanaudiere, Laval, Montreal, Montregie, Estrie, and the southern parts of Centre-du-Quebec), including Joliete, Drummondville, and Sherbrooke.

Quebec City, Quebec

2 rue de la Terrasse Dufferin

Telephone: (418) 692-2095

Emergency after-hours telephone: (418) 692-2096

Facsimile: (418) 692-4640

Email: QuebecACS@state.gov

The consular district includes Quebec City and those regions of Quebec Province to the North and East of the Montreal and Ottawa Districts (indicated above), plus the Territory of Nunavut.

Toronto, Ontario

360 University Avenue (please note that consular clients must enter the Consulate at 225 Simcoe Street)

Telephone: (416) 595-1700

Emergency Telephone:

During working hours: (416) 595-6506

After hours: (416) 201-4100

American Citizen Services Telephone: (416) 595-6501

Facsimile: (416) 595-5466

Email: torontopassport@state.gov

The consular district includes the province of Ontario except for the counties of Kingston, Lanark, Leeds, Prescott, Refrew, Russell, and Stormont, which are served by the U.S. Embassy in Ottawa.

Vancouver, British Columbia

1095 West Pender Street (please note that consular clients must enter the Consulate at 1075 West Pender Street)

Telephone: (604) 685-4311

Facsimile: (604) 685-7175

Email: VancouverACS@state.gov

The consular district includes British Columbia and the Yukon Territory.

Winnipeg, Manitoba

201 Portage Street, Suite 860

Telephone: (204) 940-1800

Facsimile: (204) 940-1809

The consulate provides only emergency services for U.S. citizens in distress; it does not provide consular services. Manitoba-related consular matters such as visas, passports, and notarials are handled at other U.S. Consulates General, primarily Calgary.

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Economy

As an affluent, high-tech industrial society, Canada closely resembles the United States in its market-oriented economic system, pattern of production, and high living standards.

Snapshot

Currency Name and Code
Canadian dollars (CAD)
GDP — official exchange rate
$1,035,000,000,000 (USD)
GDP Real Growth Rate
1.2%
Gini Index
33.1

News & Weather

Videos

2 curated YouTube videos.

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Frequently Asked Questions

What is the population of Canada?
The population of Canada is approximately 38.8M.
How do people greet each other in Canada?
A handshake with direct eye contact is standard for both men and women, and in Quebec adults might also exchange a polite kiss on each cheek. Do: Look directly at the person and maintain eye contact while shaking hands Wait until your host uses your first name before doing the same In Quebec, use the more formal form of "you" until invited to do otherwise Refer to people by their academic degrees or honors, especially in Quebec Don't: Don't assume you must address people by formal titles outside Quebec Men need not wait for a woman to extend her hand first Women who are good friends may share a brief hug; reuniting family members often hug in greeting and farewell French Canadians shake hands more often, even on a second encounter the same day If uncertain about formal meetings, ask a trusted host or colleague in advance
What are the dining customs in Canada?
Canadians eat three meals a day, with supper/dinner (5:30-7:30pm) being the largest, and value directness and polite table manners. Do: Bring an inexpensive gift such as flowers, chocolates, or a bottle of wine when invited to dinner Offer main dishes to others before serving yourself Say "No, thank you" if you prefer not to eat something, and "Thank you" to accept Place your knife and fork by the side of your plate if pausing, or on the plate when finished Don't: Don't put your elbows on the table or speak with your mouth full Don't chew noisily or slurp Don't snap your fingers at waiters—raise your hand or say "excuse me" Don't eat or drink in the street, on public transport, or in shops, banks, offices, or post offices The hostess customarily begins the meal first Ask the host what time to arrive and whether to dress casually or formally A thank-you call or note a few days after a dinner party is appreciated; reciprocate with an invitation within a few weeks Salt and white vinegar, and gravy, are popular condiments for French fries
What etiquette should I know when visiting a Canadian home?
Canadians are informal but appreciate courtesy; call ahead before visiting and be genuine and open with your hosts. Do: Call in advance to confirm the family will be home Arrive on time, though 15-30 minutes late is acceptable for larger social events Politely decline refreshments if you're not in the mood—this is not offensive Don't: Don't wear strong perfumes or colognes to a business meeting; scents are prohibited in medical offices Don't bring white lilies (reserved for funerals) or red roses (which imply romance) A gift is not expected, but a small bouquet or a light dessert is a nice gesture Watch for lulls in conversation or signs of fatigue as a cue to leave
How should I dress in Canada?
Canadians generally dress informally and casually, especially outside larger cities, though business settings can require formal attire. Do: Wear business attire such as suits and ties for men, or equivalent, in business settings Blue jeans and T-shirts are the most popular casual clothing for all ages Larger cities follow the fashion trends of Paris and New York Jewelry is worn casually by women and increasingly by men; men from conservative areas are unlikely to wear necklaces or earrings
What gestures should I be aware of in Canada?
Canadians value personal space and there are a few gesture guidelines to keep in mind despite their informality. Do: Point at places or things, but gesture toward people with a slight head movement instead Nod your head slightly to show agreement and attentiveness Stand at least an arm's length away after greeting someone Don't: Don't point directly at people Don't use a thumbs-down gesture in Quebec—it is offensive Don't crowd Canadians during conversation Standing when a woman enters the room is seen as courteous Shake hands with the right hand if possible
What is family life like in Canada?
Family life is diverse, ranging from one-parent and two-parent families to common-law marriages, with a typical family of about three members. Men and women have fairly equal but different family responsibilities In two-parent families, both parents typically work Multigenerational households are becoming less common Families often enjoy recreation and vacations together
What do people do for recreation in Canada?
Sports and recreation are central to Canadian life, with ice hockey the most popular sport and the official winter sport. Popular sports include Canadian football, basketball, baseball, and hockey; lacrosse is the official summer sport Cricket is the fastest-growing sport, and soccer is very popular among youth Individual activities like hiking, camping, bicycling, running, and swimming are popular across all ages Vacationing and exploring the country's diverse geography is an important part of the culture
What is the capital of Canada?
Ottawa is the capital of Canada, situated in the province of Ontario near the border with Quebec. The city was chosen as capital in 1857 by Queen Victoria, partly because its inland location made it less vulnerable to potential US military threats. Today Ottawa serves as the seat of the federal Parliament of Canada and is home to major national institutions, including the Supreme Court and the National Gallery of Canada.
Where is Canada located?
Canada is located in North America, occupying the northern portion of the continent and stretching from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic. It is the world's second-largest country by total area. Canada shares its southern border entirely with the United States, forming the longest undefended international boundary in the world.
What countries border Canada?
Canada shares its only land border with the United States, which runs along the entire southern edge of the country as well as the border between the Yukon and Alaska to the northwest. This boundary stretches approximately 8,891 kilometres, making it the longest international border in the world. Canada is otherwise bounded by the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic Oceans, giving it the longest coastline of any nation on Earth.
What is the predominant religion in Canada?
Roman Catholicism is the single largest religion in Canada, practiced by approximately 46 percent of the population. Protestant denominations collectively account for around 36 percent of Canadians. The significant Catholic presence is historically rooted in French settlement, particularly in Quebec, while Protestant traditions reflect the country's British heritage. The remaining roughly 18 percent of the population includes other Christian denominations, non-Christian faiths, and those with no religious affiliation.
What currency does Canada use?
Canada uses the Canadian dollar, with the ISO currency code CAD. The Canadian dollar is subdivided into 100 cents and has been the country's official currency since 1858. Informally called the "loonie" — a nickname derived from the common loon depicted on the one-dollar coin — CAD is a major global trading currency, reflecting Canada's position as one of the world's leading economies and a significant exporter of natural resources and energy.
What languages are spoken in Canada?
Canada has two official languages: English, spoken as a mother tongue by approximately 58.8 percent of the population, and French, spoken natively by around 21.6 percent. To be bilingual in Canada means being proficient in both. French speakers, known as francophones, are concentrated primarily in Quebec, where regional slang called joual is widely used. The remaining nearly 20 percent of the population speaks a range of other languages, reflecting Canada's multicultural immigration history.
What is the geography of Canada like?
Canada is an extraordinarily vast and physically diverse country, encompassing boreal forests, Arctic tundra, the Rocky Mountains, fertile prairies, and thousands of kilometres of coastline. It contains a significant share of the world's fresh water, held in lakes, rivers, and glaciers. The Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia is home to the most extreme tidal range on Earth, with water levels rising and falling more than 15 metres every six hours — a tide that moves fast enough to overtake a person on foot.
What is Canada known for?
Canada is particularly known for its bilingual identity, its production and export of natural resources such as oil, timber, and wheat, and its deeply rooted hockey culture, which permeates national identity from youth leagues to professional play. The country's indigenous heritage is increasingly recognised through cultural practices and land acknowledgements. Quebec's distinct French-speaking society, with its own legal system and cultural traditions, adds a singular dimension to the country's national fabric that remains one of Canada's defining political and cultural tensions.

Last reviewed 2026