Geography and Environment

Geography and Environment of Spain

Terrain, climate, natural resources, hazards, and environmental conditions of Spain.

Speed

Overview

Spain is comprised of portions of the Iberian mainland, the Balearic Islands and the Canary Islands, and the enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla on the North African coast. Spain’s most striking topographical features are its elevated central plateau and its internal division by mountain and river barriers. The peninsula rises sharply from the sea with only a narrow coastal plain except in the Andalusian lowlands. Most of the peninsula is a vast plateau broken by mountains, deep gorges, and broad, shallow depressions. Spain has few bays, virtually no coastal islands, and a scarcity of natural harbors. Knowledge of the geography of Spain is important to an understanding of the nation’s history.

Physical Features

Terrain: large, flat to dissected plateau surrounded by rugged hills; Pyrenees in north
Climate: Madrid's climate is predominantly dry, sunny, and agreeable. Because of its elevation (about 2,000 feet above sea level) and its proximity to mountains, Madrid often experiences wide variations in temperature between winter and high summer. In winter, temperatures drop slightly below freezing and many winter days can be uncomfortably cold. Summers are quite warm with average midday temperatures of 95°F to 100°F are common. Except at the height of summer, evenings and nights are cool. Daily mean temperature ranges from 50°F to 68°F during 8 months of the year. Rainfall is scarce, except during a brief rainy season in October and November and again in spring. Snow, uncommon in Madrid, usually becomes rain and slush within hours.
Weather Patterns: http://voap.weather.com/weather/oap/SPXX0050?template=TRVLH&par=1003114983&unit=0&key=5b85ae1d85877a1b34827fba743e2133
Highest Point: 3718 — Pico de Teide (Tenerife) on Canary Islands 3,718 m
Lowest Point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

Borders and Area

Area (Comparative): slightly more than twice the size of Oregon
Border Countries: Andorra 63.7 km, France 623 km, Gibraltar 1.2 km, Portugal 1,214 km, Morocco (Ceuta) 6.3 km, Morocco (Melilla) 9.6 km

Natural Resources and Hazards

Natural Resources: coal, lignite, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, uranium, tungsten, mercury, pyrites, magnesite, fluorspar, gypsum, sepiolite, kaolin, potash, hydropower, arable land, wind energy, solar energy Spain possesses a diverse range of natural resources that support both its industrial base and its growing energy sector. Mineral resources include coal, lignite, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, uranium, tungsten, mercury, pyrites, magnesite, fluorspar, gypsum, sepiolite, kaolin, and potash. Spain is notably one of the world's leading producers of sepiolite, a clay mineral used in industrial and consumer applications. The country also holds significant reserves of gypsum and kaolin, which support its construction and ceramics industries respectively. In terms of energy resources, Spain has made substantial strides in renewable energy development. Hydropower remains an important contributor to electricity generation, supported by the country's river systems and mountainous terrain. Wind energy has become a major resource, with Spain ranking among Europe's top wind power producers. Solar energy has expanded rapidly, capitalizing on the country's exceptional levels of sunshine, particularly across the southern and central regions. Arable land continues to be a valuable resource, underpinning Spain's strong agricultural sector, which produces olives, grapes, citrus fruits, and cereals for both domestic consumption and export.
Natural Hazards: periodic droughts

Environment and Land Use

Current Environmental Issues: pollution of the Mediterranean Sea from raw sewage and effluents from the offshore production of oil and gas; water quality and quantity nationwide; air pollution; deforestation; desertification
International Agreements: party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Back to Spain

Geography and Environment of Spain

Detailed geography

Physical Features

Borders and Area

Natural Resources and Hazards

Environment and Land Use