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Government and Politics

Government and Politics of Puerto Rico

Government structure, leadership, capital, military, and national symbols of Puerto Rico.

Government Structure

Constitutional foundations, branches, parties, and leadership.

Government Type
commonwealth
Administrative Divisions
none (commonwealth associated with the US); there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 78 municipalities (municipios, singular - municipio) at the second order; Adjuntas, Aguada, Aguadilla, Aguas Buenas, Aibonito, Anasco, Arecibo, Arroyo, Barceloneta, Barranquitas, Bayamon, Cabo Rojo, Caguas, Camuy, Canovanas, Carolina, Catano, Cayey, Ceiba, Ciales, Cidra, Coamo, Comerio, Corozal, Culebra, Dorado, Fajardo, Florida, Guanica, Guayama, Guayanilla, Guaynabo, Gurabo, Hatillo, Hormigueros, Humacao, Isabela, Jayuya, Juana Diaz, Juncos, Lajas, Lares, Las Marias, Las Piedras, Loiza, Luquillo, Manati, Maricao, Maunabo, Mayaguez, Moca, Morovis, Naguabo, Naranjito, Orocovis, Patillas, Penuelas, Ponce, Quebradillas, Rincon, Rio Grande, Sabana Grande, Salinas, San German, San Juan, San Lorenzo, San Sebastian, Santa Isabel, Toa Alta, Toa Baja, Trujillo Alto, Utuado, Vega Alta, Vega Baja, Vieques, Villalba, Yabucoa, Yauco
Legal System
based on Spanish civil code and within the US Federal system of justice
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal; island residents are US citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections
Citizenship
see United States
Executive Branch
chief of state: President Donald J. TRUMP of the US (since 20 January 2025) and Vice President JD VANCE (since 20 January 2025) head of government: Governor Pedro PIERLUISI (since 2 January 2021) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor with the consent of the legislature elections: under the US Constitution, residents of unincorporated territories, such as Puerto Rico, do not vote in elections for US president and vice president; governor elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 3 November 2020 (next to be held November 2024) election results: Pedro PIERLUISI (PNP) elected governor; percent of vote - 32.9%
Legislative Branch
Bicameral Legislative Assembly consists of the Senate (at least 27 seats — currently 27; members are directly elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) and the House of Representatives (51 seats; members are directly elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms). Elections: Senate — last held on 8 November 2022 (next to be held in November 2026); House of Representatives — last held on 8 November 2022 (next to be held in November 2026). Election results: Senate — percent of vote by party — PNP 41.8%, PPD 32.5%, MVC 13.8%, PIP 5.6%, other 6.3%; seats by party — PNP 19, PPD 6, MVC 1, PIP 1; House of Representatives — percent of vote by party — PNP 38.9%, PPD 31.7%, MVC 13.5%, PIP 6.4%, other 9.5%; seats by party — PNP 26, PPD 14, MVC 7, PIP 2, independent 2. Note: Puerto Rico elects, by popular vote, a resident commissioner to serve a four-year term as a nonvoting representative in the US House of Representatives. Aside from not voting on the House floor, the resident commissioner enjoys most of the rights of a full member of Congress, including the ability to vote in committee. Elections last held on 8 November 2022 (next to be held in November 2026); Jenniffer González-Colón of the PNP currently serves as resident commissioner, having been reelected to the position in 2022.
Judicial Branch
Supreme Court; Appellate Court; Court of First Instance composed of two sections: a Superior Court and a Municipal Court (justices for all these courts appointed by the governor with the consent of the Senate)
Political Parties
National Democratic Party [Celeste BENITEZ]; National Republican Party of Puerto Rico [Dr. Tiody FERRE]; New Progressive Party or PNP (pro-US statehood) [Pedro ROSSELLO]; Popular Democratic Party or PPD (pro-commonwealth) [Anibal ACEVEDO-VILA]; Puerto Rican Independence Party or PIP (pro-independence) [Ruben BERRIOS Martinez]
Head of Government
Luis FORTUNO
Cabinet
Cabinet appointed by the governor with the consent of the legislature
Elections
Senate — last held on 8 November 2022 (next to be held in November 2026); House of Representatives — last held on 8 November 2022 (next to be held in November 2026).
Election Results
Senate — percent of vote by party — PNP 41.8%, PPD 32.5%, MVC 13.8%, PIP 5.6%, other 6.3%; seats by party — PNP 19, PPD 6, MVC 1, PIP 1; House of Representatives — percent of vote by party — PNP 38.9%, PPD 31.7%, MVC 13.5%, PIP 6.4%, other 9.5%; seats by party — PNP 26, PPD 14, MVC 7, PIP 2, independent 2. Note: Puerto Rico elects, by popular vote, a resident commissioner to serve a four-year term as a nonvoting representative in the US House of Representatives. Aside from not voting on the House floor, the resident commissioner enjoys most of the rights of a full member of Congress, including the ability to vote in committee. Elections last held on 8 November 2022 (next to be held in November 2026); Jenniffer González-Colón of the PNP currently serves as resident commissioner, having been reelected to the position in 2022.
Constitution
ratified 3 March 1952; approved by US Congress 3 July 1952; effective 25 July 1952
Independence
none (commonwealth associated with the US)
National Holiday
US Independence Day, 4 July (1776); Puerto Rico Constitution Day, 25 July (1952)
International Organization Participation
Caricom (observer), ICFTU, Interpol (subbureau), IOC, WCL, WFTU, WHO (associate), WToO (associate)
Diplomatic Representation in the U.S.
none (territory of the US with commonwealth status)
U.S. Diplomatic Representation
none (territory of the US with commonwealth status)

Capital City

Seat of government and political history.

Capital City
San Juan
Location
18 28 N, 66 07 W
Time Difference
UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
History
the name dates to 1521 and the founding of the city under the name "Ciudad de San Juan Bautista de Puerto Rico" (City of Saint John the Baptist of Puerto Rico)

Military

Branches, service obligations, expenditures, and manpower.

Military Branches
no regular indigenous military forces; paramilitary National Guard, Police Force

National Symbols

Flag, anthem, and other symbols of national identity.

National Flag

Flag of Puerto Rico
Flag Symbolism
five equal horizontal bands of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bears a large, white, five-pointed star in the center; design initially influenced by the US flag, but similar to the Cuban flag, with the colors of the bands and triangle reversed
Flag History
The star symbolizes the fatherland, the triangle and colors represent the republican ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity.
Date of Adoption
24 July 1952

National Anthem

Anthem Lyrics
OFFICIAL La Borinqueña official anthem lyrics march arrangement by Ramón Collado lyrics by Manuel Fernández Juncos La tierra de Borinquen donde he nacido yo es un jardín florido de mágico primor. Un cielo siempre nítido le sirve de dosel y dan arrullos plácidos las olas a sus pies. Cuando a sus playas llegó Colón, exclamó lleno de admiración: ¡Oh! ¡Oh! ¡Oh! Ésta es la linda tierra que busco yo. Es Borinquen, la hija, la hija del mar y el sol. Del mar y el sol. Del mar y el sol. Del mar y el sol. Del mar y el sol. ______________________________ ROMANTIC La bella trigueña habanera by Francisco Ramírez salon dance arrangement by Félix Ástol Artés lyrics attributed to Francisco Ramírez or Félix Ástol Artés Bellísima trigueña imagen del candor del jardín de Borinquen pura y fragante flor. Por ti se queda extátco todo el mortal que ve tu aire gentil, simpático tu breve y lindo pie. Cuando te asomas a tu balcón la luz se eclipsa del mismo sol. La luz se eclipsa del mismo sol. Porque tus negros ojos dos rayos son que al que los mira, niña, abrásanle el corazón. Tú galana descuellas entre las flores mil que adornan primorosas el tropical pensil. En torno a ti el céfiro se mueve sin cesar. El colibrí solícito te viene a acariciar. Linda trigueña, mi dulce bien, eres la perla de Borinquen. ¡Oh! ¡Oh! ¡Oh! Apiádate, trigueña, de mi dolor, que por ti me muero, me muero de inmenso amor. De inmenso amor, de inmenso amor. De inmenso amor, de inmenso amor. _______________________________ 19TH. CENTURY PATRIOTIC La Borinqueña to the tune of "La bella trigueña" revolutionary lyrics by Lola Rodríguez de Tió ¡Despierta, borinqueño, que han dado la señal! ¡Despierta de ese sueño, que es hora de luchar! A ese llamar patriótico, ¿no arde tu corazón? Ven, nos será simpático el ruido del cañón. Mira, ya el cubano libre está; le dará el machete la libertad. Ya el tambor guerrero dice en su son que es la manigua el sitio, el sitio de la reunión. Bellísima Borinquen, a Cuba hay hay que seguir. Tú tienes bravos hijos que quieren combatir. Ya por más tiempo impávidos no podemos estar. Ya no queremos, tímidos, dejarnos subyugar. Nosotros queremos ser libres ya y nuestro machete afilado está. ¿Por qué entonces nosotros hemos de estar tan dormidos y sordos, y sordos a esa señal? No hay que temer, riqueños, al ruido del cañón: que salvar a la patria es deber del corazón. ¡Ya no queremos déspotas! ¡Caiga el tirano ya! Las mujeres indómitas también sabrán luchar. Nosotros queremos la libertad y nuestro machete nos la dará. Vámonos, borinqueñ, vámonos ya, que nos espera ansiosa, ansiosa la libertad. La libertad, la libertad. La libertad, la libertad. __________________________________ 20TH. CENTURY PATRIOTIC La Borinqueña to the tune of the official anthem lyrics anonymously distributed at a 1968 political meeting celebrating the Centennial of the Rebel Yell at Lares El pueblo de Borinquen se yergue con valor para expulsar al fiero tiránico invasor. El Lares vuelve a refulgir machete redentor y en Macaná retumba ya el ruido del fusil. Enarbolemos el pabellón unidos todos en el amor. ¡Oh! ¡Oh! ¡Oh! Libre sea la tierra que vio Colón. De Betances y Albizu la patria del corazón. Del corazón. Del corazón. Del corazón. Del corazón.