Government and Politics of India

Government Type

federal republic

Administrative Divisions

28 states and 7 union territories*; Andaman and Nicobar Islands*, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh*, Chhattisgarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli*, Daman and Diu*, Delhi*, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Lakshadweep*, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Pondicherry*, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal

Legal System

based on English common law; limited judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Citizenship

citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of India dual citizenship recognized: no residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Executive Branch

chief of state: President Droupadi MURMU (since 25 July 2022); Vice President Jagdeep DHANKHAR (since 11 August 2022) head of government: Prime Minister Narendra MODI (since 26 May 2014; reappointed 9 June 2024 following general elections) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister elections: president elected by an electoral college consisting of elected members of both houses of Parliament and the legislatures of the states and union territories for a five-year term; election last held 18 July 2022 (next to be held in July 2027); vice president elected by both houses of Parliament for a five-year term; election last held 6 August 2022 (next to be held in August 2027); prime minister chosen by parliamentary members of the majority party or coalition following legislative elections; election last held 19 April – 1 June 2024 (next to be held in 2029) election results: Droupadi MURMU elected president; percent of electoral college vote – approximately 64.0%; Jagdeep DHANKHAR elected vice president; percent of Parliament vote – approximately 74.4%; Narendra MODI's Bharatiya Janata Party-led National Democratic Alliance secured a majority in the Lok Sabha, enabling his appointment as prime minister for a third consecutive term

Legislative Branch

bicameral Parliament or Sansad consists of the Council of States or Rajya Sabha (a body of not more than 250 members, up to 12 of whom are appointed by the president, the remainder are chosen by the elected members of the state and territorial assemblies; members serve six-year terms, with one-third retiring every two years) and the People's Assembly or Lok Sabha (543 seats, all elected by popular vote; members serve five-year terms) elections: People's Assembly - last held 19 April through 1 June 2024 (next to be held in 2029) election results: People's Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - BJP 240, INC 99, SP 37, AITC 29, DMK 22, TDP 16, JDU 12, Shiv Sena (Shinde faction) 7, LJPRV 5, NCP (Ajit Pawar faction) 1, CPI(M) 4, YSRCP 4, RJD 4, AAP 3, independents and others 64

Judicial Branch

Supreme Court (one chief justice and 25 associate justices are appointed by the president and remain in office until they reach the age of 65 or are removed for “proved misbehavior”)

Political Parties

note - India has dozens of national and regional political parties; only parties with four or more seats in the People's Assembly are listed; Bahujan Samaj Party or BSP [MAYAWATI]; Bharatiya Janata Party or BJP [Lal Krishna ADVANI]; Biju Janata Dal or BJD [Naveen PATNAIK]; Communist Party of India or CPI [Ardhendu Bhushan BARDHAN]; Communist Party of India (Marxist) or CPI (M) [Prakash KARAT]; Dravida Munnetra Kazagham or DMK [M. KARUNANIDHI]; Eqtedar-e-Melli-Eslami (Naional Islamic Empowerment) [Ahmad Shah AHMADZAI]; Indian National Congress or INC [Sonia GANDHI]; Janata Dal (United) or JDU [George FERNANDEZ]; Jharkhand Mukti Morcha or JMM [Shibu SOREN]; Lok Jan Shakti Party or LJSP [Ram Vilas PASWAN]; Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or MDMK [VAIKO]; Nahzat-e-Faragir-e-Democracy Wa Taraqi-e-Afghanistan (Afghanistan's Democracy and Progress Movement) [Sher Mohammad BUZGAR]; Nationalist Congress Party or NCP [Sharad PAWAR]; Pattali Makkal Katchi or PMK [S. RAMADOSS]; Rashtriya Janata Dal or RJD [Laloo Prasad YADAV]; Samajwadi Party or SP [Mulayam Singh YADAV]; Shiromani Akali Dal or SAD [Prakash Singh BADAL]; Shiv Sena or SS [Bal THACKERAY]; Telangana Rashtra Samithi or TRS [K. Chandrashekar RAO]; Telugu Desam Party or TDP [Chandrababu NAIDU]

Head of State

President Droupadi MURMU

Head of Government

Prime Minister Narendra MODI (since 26 May 2014

Cabinet

Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister

Elections

People's Assembly - last held 19 April through 1 June 2024 (next to be held in 2029)

Election Results

People's Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - BJP 240, INC 99, SP 37, AITC 29, DMK 22, TDP 16, JDU 12, Shiv Sena (Shinde faction) 7, LJPRV 5, NCP (Ajit Pawar faction) 1, CPI(M) 4, YSRCP 4, RJD 4, AAP 3, independents and others 64

Constitution

26-Jan-50

Independence

15 August 1947 (from UK)

National Holiday

Republic Day, 26 January (1950)

International Organization Participation

AfDB, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, C, CP, FAO, G- 6, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, MICAH, MONUC, NAM, OAS (observer), OPCW, PCA, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMOVIC, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic Representation in the U.S.

chief of mission: Ambassador Ranendra SEN chancery: 2107 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; note - Consular Wing located at 2536 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 939-7000 FAX: [1] (202) 265-4351 consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, New York, San Francisco

U.S. Diplomatic Representation

chief of mission: Ambassador David C. MULFORD embassy: Shantipath, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi 110021 mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [91] (11) 2419-8000 FAX: [91] (11) 2419-0017 consulate(s) general: Chennai (Madras), Kolkata (Calcutta), Mumbai (Bombay)

Capital City

New Delhi

Location

28 36 N, 77 12 E

Time Difference

UTC+5.5 (10.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

History

the city's name is associated with various myths and legends; the original name for the city may have been Dhilli or Dhillika; alternatively, the name could be a corruption of the Hindustani words "dehleez" or "dehali" - both terms meaning "threshold" or "gateway" - and indicative of the city as a gateway to the Gangetic Plain; after the British decided to move the capital of their Indian Empire from Calcutta to Delhi in 1911, they created a new governmental district south of the latter designated as New Delhi; the new capital was not formally inaugurated until 1931.

The U.S. Embassy in New Delhi is located at Shanti Path, Chanakya Puri 110021; telephone 91-11-2419-8000; fax 91-11-2419-8407. In case of an emergency involving a U.S. citizen, please call the 24-hour operator at (91-11) 2419-8000 and ask for American Citizen Services. The U.S. Consulate General in Mumbai (Bombay) is located at C-49, G-Block, Bandra Kurla Complex, Bandra East, Mumbai 400051, telephone 91-22-2672-4000. In case of an emergency involving a U.S. citizen, please call the 24-hour operator at (91-22) 2672-4000 and ask for American Citizens Services. The U.S. Consulate General in Kolkata (Calcutta) is located at 5/1 Ho Chi Minh Sarani, 700071; telephone 91-33-3984-2400; fax 91-33-2282-2335. If you are a U.S. citizen with an after-hours emergency (arrest, death, or loss of passport), please call our primary hotline cell phone at (91) 99030 42956. If unable to reach the cell phone, please call (91) (33) 3984-2400 and dial "0" and ask for Duty Officer. The U.S. Consulate General in Chennai (Madras) is located at 220 Anna Salai, Gemini Circle, 600006; telephone 91-44-2857-4000; fax 91-44-2857-4344. In case of an emergency involving a U.S. citizen, please call the 24-hour operator at (91-44) 2857-4000 and ask for American Citizen Services. The U.S. Consulate General in Hyderabad is located at Paigah Palace, 1-8-323 Chiran Fort Lane, Begumpet, Secunderabad, Andhra Pradesh, 500003; telephone 91-40-4033-8300; fax 91-40-4033-8301. In case of an emergency involving a U.S. citizen, please call the 24-hour operator at (91-40) 4033-8300 and ask for American Citizen Services.

Military Branches

Army; Navy (includes naval air arm); Air Force; Coast Guard

Service Age and Obligation

16-18 years of age for voluntary military service (Army 17 1/2, Air Force 17, Navy 16 1/2); no conscription; women may join as officers, but for noncombat roles only