Government and Politics of Guatemala

Government Type

constitutional democratic republic

Administrative Divisions

22 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Alta Verapaz, Baja Verapaz, Chimaltenango, Chiquimula, El Progreso, Escuintla, Guatemala, Huehuetenango, Izabal, Jalapa, Jutiapa, Peten, Quetzaltenango, Quiche, Retalhuleu, Sacatepequez, San Marcos, Santa Rosa, Solola, Suchitepequez, Totonicapan, Zacapa

Legal System

civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal (active duty members of the armed forces may not vote and are restricted to their barracks on election day)

Citizenship

citizenship by birth: yes citizenship by descent only: yes dual citizenship recognized: yes residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years with no absences of six consecutive months or longer or absences totaling more than a year

Executive Branch

chief of state: President Bernardo ARÉVALO de León (since 15 January 2024); Vice President Karin HERRERA Aguilar (since 15 January 2024); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President Bernardo ARÉVALO de León (since 15 January 2024); Vice President Karin HERRERA Aguilar (since 15 January 2024); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president elections: president elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 25 June 2023, with a runoff held 20 August 2023 (next to be held in 2027) election results: Bernardo ARÉVALO de León elected president in second round; percent of vote in runoff - Bernardo ARÉVALO de León (Semilla Movement) 60.9%, Sandra TORRES (UNE) 39.1%

Legislative Branch

Unicameral Congress of the Republic or Congreso de la República (160 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) Elections: last held on 25 June 2023 (next to be held in 2027) Election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Semilla 23, UNE 28, Vamos 18, CABAL 18, Valor-Unionista 12, Vision con Valores (VIVA) 9, Movimiento para la Liberación de los Pueblos (MLP) 7, other 45 Note: the Congress of the Republic consists of 128 seats elected from 22 departmental districts and 32 seats elected from a single national list, for a total of 160 seats. Members serve four-year terms concurrent with the presidential term.

Judicial Branch

Constitutional Court or Corte de Constitutcionalidad is Guatemala's highest court (five judges are elected for concurrent five-year terms by Congress, each serving one year as president of the Constitutional Court; one is elected by Congress, one elected by the Supreme Court of Justice, one appointed by the president, one elected by Superior Counsel of Universidad San Carlos de Guatemala, and one by Colegio de Abogados); Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (13 members serve concurrent five-year terms and elect a president of the Court each year from among their number; the president of the Supreme Court of Justice also supervises trial judges around the country, who are named to five-year terms)

Political Parties

Authentic Integral Development or DIA [Eduardo SUGER]; Grand National Alliance or GANA (an alliance of smaller parties) [Alfredo VILA Giron, secretary general]; Green Party or LOV [Rodolfo ROSALES Garcis-Salaz]; Guatemalan Christian Democracy or DCG [Vinicio CEREZO Arevalo]; Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity or URNG [Alba ESTELA Maldonado, secretary general]; Guatemalan Republican Front or FRG [Efrain RIOS Montt]; Movement for Guatemalan Unity or MGU [Jacobo ARBENZ Villanueva]; Movement for Principals and Values or MPV [Francisco BIANCHI]; National Advancement Party or PAN [Leonel LOPEZ Rodas, secretary general]; National Unity for Hope or UNE [Alvarado COLOM Caballeros]; New Nation Alliance or ANN (formed by an alliance of DIA, URNG, and several splinter groups most of whom subsequently defected) [led by three co-equal partners - Nineth Varenca MONTENEGRO Cottom, Rodolfo BAUER Paiz, and Jorge Antonio BALSELLS TUT]; Patriot Party or PP [Ret. Gen. Otto PEREZ Molina]; Progressive Liberator Party or PLP [Acisclo VALLADARES Molina]; Reform Movement or MR [Alfredo SKINNER-KLEE, secretary general]; Unionista Party [leader NA]

Head of State

President Bernardo ARÉVALO de León

Head of Government

President Bernardo ARÉVALO de León

Cabinet

Council of Ministers appointed by the president

Elections

last held on 25 June 2023 (next to be held in 2027)

Election Results

percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Semilla 23, UNE 28, Vamos 18, CABAL 18, Valor-Unionista 12, Vision con Valores (VIVA) 9, Movimiento para la Liberación de los Pueblos (MLP) 7, other 45 Note: the Congress of the Republic consists of 128 seats elected from 22 departmental districts and 32 seats elected from a single national list, for a total of 160 seats. Members serve four-year terms concurrent with the presidential term.

Constitution

31 May 1985, effective 14 January 1986; note - suspended 25 May 1993 by former President SERRANO; reinstated 5 June 1993 following ouster of president; amended November 1993

Independence

15 September 1821 (from Spain)

National Holiday

Independence Day, 15 September (1821)

International Organization Participation

BCIE, CACM, FAO, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic Representation in the U.S.

chief of mission: Ambassador Guillermo CASTILLO chancery: 2220 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 745-4952 FAX: [1] (202) 745-1908 consulate(s) general: Chicago, Denver, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Providence, San Francisco

U.S. Diplomatic Representation

chief of mission: Ambassador James M. DERHAM embassy: 7-01 Avenida Reforma, Zone 10, Guatemala City mailing address: APO AA 34024 telephone: [502] 2326-4000 FAX: [502] 2334-8477

Capital City

Guatemala City

Location

14 37 N, 90 31 W

Time Difference

UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

History

the Spanish conquistadors used many native Americans as allies in their conquest of Guatemala; the site of their first capital (established in 1524), a former Maya settlement, was called "Quauhtemallan" by their Nahuatl-speaking Mexican allies, a name that means "land of trees" or "forested land", but which the Spanish pronounced "Guatemala"; the Spanish applied that name to a re-founded capital city three years later and eventually it became the name of the country

Embassy of the United States in Guatemala Avenida Reforma 7-01, Zona 10, Guatemala Ciudad, Guatemala Telephone: (502) 2326-4000 during embassy business hours (8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Monday – Thursday and 8:00 a.m. to 12:00 pm. Friday). Emergency after-hours telephone: (502) 2331-2354 Facsimile: (502) 2331-3804 Internet website: http://guatelama.usembassy.gov

Military Branches

National Army of Guatemala (Ejercito Nacional de Guatemala, ENG; includes Guatemalan Navy (Fuerza de Mar, including Marines), Guatemalan Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Guatemalteca, FAG))

Service Age and Obligation

all male citizens between the ages of 18 and 50 are eligible for military service; in practice, most of the force is volunteer, however, a selective draft system is employed, resulting in a small portion of 17-21 year-olds conscripted; conscript service obligation varies from 1 to 2 years; women can serve as officers