People and Society of Belize

Nationality

Belizean(s)

Ethnic Groups

Mestizo 48.7%, Creole 24.9%, Maya 10.6%, Garifuna 6.1%, other 9.7%

Population

405,272

Population in Major Urban Areas

BELMOPAN (capital) 14,000

Medical care for minor ailments is generally available in urban areas. Trauma care or advanced medical treatment is limited, even in Belize City or Belmopan, and may be extremely limited or unavailable in rural and remote areas. Pharmacy services are generally good in larger towns; many medications such as antibiotics which are available only by prescription in the U.S. can be obtained over-the-counter from licensed pharmacists. However, more specialized prescription medications may be completely unavailable. U.S. citizens bringing their own prescription medications with them must ensure they carry a current doctor’s prescription for each medication. In much of the country, emergency services will be either unavailable or delayed and serious injuries or illnesses often require evacuation to another country. The Embassy strongly suggests visitors obtain traveler’s insurance and medical evacuation coverage in advance of their travel to cover unexpected medical emergencies. Dengue Fever: The Government of Belize reported that Dengue fever has quadrupled in 2013 compared to previous years. In 2012, there were cases of Dengue fever, but no deaths were reported. In 2013, over 600 suspected cases were reported, but only 20 were confirmed by a laboratory. According to the WHO (World Health Organization), no hemorrhagic cases were reported. Neighboring countries are on high alert, including Honduras where a state of emergency has been issued.

Life Expectancy at Birth

Life expectancy at birth in Belize stands at approximately 74 years overall, with women typically outliving men by several years. Female life expectancy is estimated at around 76 to 77 years, while male life expectancy falls closer to 71 to 72 years. These figures place Belize in a mid-range position compared to other Central American and Caribbean nations, reflecting both progress in public health infrastructure and ongoing challenges in healthcare access and chronic disease management. Over the past few decades, Belize has made meaningful gains in life expectancy, driven by improvements in maternal and child health services, expanded access to basic medical care, and reductions in infant mortality rates. The infant mortality rate has declined considerably, now sitting at roughly 11 to 13 deaths per 1,000 live births, which has contributed positively to overall life expectancy calculations. Despite these advances, Belize faces persistent health challenges that temper further gains. Non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular conditions are among the leading causes of death in the country. Diabetes in particular poses a significant burden, with rates notably higher than regional averages. HIV/AIDS has also historically been a health concern in Belize, with prevalence rates higher than in many neighboring countries, though expanded treatment and prevention programs have improved outcomes in recent years. Geographic and economic factors also influence health outcomes. Rural and indigenous communities, particularly in the Toledo and Cayo districts, often have more limited access to hospitals, specialists, and preventive care compared to urban residents in Belize City or Belmopan. This disparity contributes to uneven health outcomes across the population. The Ministry of Health and Wellness in Belize, supported by partnerships with the Pan American Health Organization and other international bodies, continues to work toward expanding primary healthcare coverage and addressing the lifestyle and dietary factors driving chronic disease. As these efforts progress, life expectancy is expected to gradually improve, though bridging the urban-rural healthcare gap remains a critical priority for long-term population health in the country.

Infant Mortality Rate

Belize has made meaningful progress in reducing infant mortality over the past few decades, though challenges remain in achieving health equity across the country's diverse and geographically dispersed population. As of recent estimates, Belize's infant mortality rate stands at approximately 11 to 13 deaths per 1,000 live births. This figure reflects the number of infants who die before reaching one year of age and serves as a key indicator of overall public health, maternal care quality, and access to medical services. Compared to regional neighbors in Central America, Belize falls in a mid-range position. Countries such as Costa Rica have achieved rates well below 10 per 1,000, while Belize continues working to close that gap. Nationally, the rate has declined significantly from figures exceeding 30 per 1,000 in the 1990s, representing decades of investment in primary healthcare, immunization programs, and improved obstetric care. Several factors influence infant mortality in Belize. Rural and remote communities, particularly in the Toledo and Cayo Districts, face limited access to trained healthcare personnel and emergency obstetric services. Indigenous and low-income populations tend to experience higher rates of infant death than urban residents, reflecting disparities in nutrition, sanitation, and healthcare access. Leading causes of infant death in Belize include prematurity and low birth weight, birth asphyxia, infections, and congenital conditions. Neonatal deaths — those occurring within the first 28 days of life — account for a significant proportion of overall infant mortality, a pattern consistent with other developing nations in the region. The government of Belize, in partnership with UNICEF and other international organizations, has implemented programs aimed at expanding prenatal care coverage, training community health workers, and improving neonatal intensive care capacity at major public hospitals. Despite these efforts, continued investment in rural healthcare infrastructure and maternal health education remains essential to further reducing infant mortality and achieving sustainable improvements in child survival rates across the country.

Major Infectious Diseases

High

Literacy Definition

Age 15 and over can read and write

• Roman Catholic49.6%
• Protestant27.0%
• other14.0%
• none9.4%

English (official), Spanish, Mayan, Garifuna (Carib), Creole

• Creole
• English
• Garifuna
• Mayan
• Spanish

Crime Information

Much of the violent crime in Belize occurs on the south side of Belize City, home to several street gangs. Belizean officials in November 2012, in an attempt to control the security situation in these areas, invoked a “declaration of crime-infested areas” under the Belizean law that allows for law enforcement and security forces to conduct warrantless searches of personnel and property in these “crime-ridden” areas. Organized crime beyond street gangs is primarily connected to drug trafficking or trafficking in persons. Incidents of crime remain high, including violent crimes such as armed robbery, home invasions, shootings, stabbings, murders, and rapes. The Embassy has noted an increase in crimes against tourists at resorts and on the roads and riverways. U.S. citizens are primarily the victims of opportunistic crime. There is no evidence suggesting criminals specifically target U.S. citizens, but nonetheless, foreigners have been targeted for crime due to their perceived wealth. Incidents of crime (such as theft, burglary, home invasion, purse-snatching, and pick-pocketing) increase during the winter holidays and during spring break. Several victims who resisted when confronted by criminals received serious injuries, including gunshot wounds and broken limbs. Although the majority of reported incidents occur in Belize City, particularly southern Belize City, crime may occur anywhere including in tourist destinations such as San Pedro Town (Ambergris Caye), Caye Caulker, San Ignacio, Dangriga, Corozal, and Placencia. Violent crime has risen steadily in Belize over the past several years. In 2012, Belize recorded 145 murders, setting a new record for homicides in the country, nearly 15% higher than in 2011. With a population of only 312,698 according to the 2010 country census, the extremely high murder rate per capita of 46 homicides per 100,000 residents, makes Belize the sixth most dangerous country in the world, according to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. While the country’s per capita homicide rate is still lower than that of other Central American countries, such as Honduras and El Salvador, its year-on-year increase is of concern. The majority of homicides in 2012 occurred in the Belize district, with most in the southern portion of Belize City, an area that has become increasingly violent due to ongoing gang warfare between local groups for control of lucrative narcotics smuggling routes and sales rights. Tourists have not been targeted in this recent increase in the murder rate, but armed robberies of tourists remain a possibility at archeological sites, national parks, and other areas frequented by visitors. In recent years there has been an increase in the number of robberies, home invasions, and daytime assaults committed across Belize. It does not appear that the perpetrators have targeted tourists; the victims are mostly Belizeans who were targets of opportunity. Violent crime has remained low in tourist areas. Though some notable murders have occurred, including the widely-publicized murder of a U.S. citizen in San Pedro, Ambergris Caye. Crime Threats: We encourage U.S. citizens to exercise caution and good situational awareness in all their travel activities. Visitors to tourist attractions should travel in groups and remain at the main plazas at Maya ruins and the central areas. Although there are armed guards stationed at many of the archeological sites, armed criminals have been known to prey on persons walking alone or in small groups from one site to another. While many victims of theft are unharmed and only robbed of personal belongings and cash, victims who resist assailants have suffered an injury, sometimes serious. U.S. citizens who become victims of a robbery should report it immediately to the nearest police station and notify the Embassy. The Embassy recommends that visitors travel in groups and only during daylight hours. Avoid wearing jewelry or carrying valuable or expensive items. As a general rule, valuables should not be left unattended, including in vehicles, in hotel rooms, or on the beach. Care should be taken when carrying high-value items such as cameras. Women’s handbags should be zipped and held close to the body. Men should carry wallets in their front pants pocket. Large amounts of cash should always be handled discreetly. Economic Crimes and Drugs: The reporting of financial crimes committed against patrons of tourist destinations in Belize increased in 2012. There were several reported instances of credit card fraud against patrons or resorts and other local establishments. It is believed that several credit card fraud rings are currently active in Belize. “Confidence scams” also occur in Belize, especially in resort areas. While there is no indication U.S. citizens are specifically singled out because of their nationality, tourists, in general, are particularly vulnerable to these crimes, resulting in visitors being pick-pocketed or robbed. More serious crimes have included armed robbery, physical assault, and being swindled out of large sums of money from fraudulent real estate and land sales or other business deals. There have been reports of fraud committed against expatriates who have attempted to purchase land in Belize. Many expats have reported being the victim of scams in which land is purchased that wasn’t available, or land was purchased that was legally owned by other parties. It has been reported that Belizean authorities have not been proactive in investigating these crimes and enacting measures to ensure that they do not occur in the future. There have also been several reports of tourists being “set up” or solicited to purchase illegal drugs. The tourist is then arrested. Most are fined and then released, but visitors should be aware that they could be sent to prison to await trial, and, if convicted, could serve their sentence in Belize, in accordance with Belize’s strict laws on illegal narcotics. Marijuana and other recreational drugs are illegal in Belize and police aggressively target drug consumers in sting operations. Drug use is common in some tourist areas, but U.S. citizens should not buy, sell, hold, or take illegal drugs under any circumstances. Belize classifies marijuana or ganja (i.e., cannabis) as an illegal drug for which a conviction of possession of even small amounts could result in heavy fines or imprisonment. Belize does not recognize the medical use of marijuana as permitted in some U.S. states, and U.S. citizens can be charged, fined, or serve time in jail for possession of an illegal substance. Don’t buy counterfeit and pirated goods, even if they are widely available. Not only are the bootleg items illegal in the United States, but if you purchase them you may also be breaking local law. Firearms: Possession of a firearm or ammunition requires a license from the Government of Belize. The government recently tightened its restrictions on the possession of guns and ammunition. Residents and tourists found by Belize law enforcement to be in the possession of such items without a license may be sentenced to a prison term in Belize, and several U.S. citizens are in prison for what would be considered a small amount of ammunition in the U.S. Sex Crimes: Sexual harassment and/or assault of persons traveling alone or in small groups have occurred in recent years. In recent years, there were a handful of sexual assaults on U.S. citizen women after leaving nightclubs, and even during daylight hours while walking with friends and while cycling alone on isolated stretches of local highways. A lack of resources and training impedes the ability of the police to effectively investigate sex crimes and apprehend serious offenders. As a result, a number of crimes against U.S. citizens in Belize remain unresolved.

Criminal Penalties

While you are traveling in Belize, you are subject to Belize’s laws even if you are a U.S. citizen. Foreign laws and legal systems can be vastly different than our own. Penalties for breaking the law can be more severe than in the United States for similar offenses. Belize law enforcement reserves the right to hold any individual for up to 48 hours to verify identity and conduct other security checks prior to a formal arrest at which time the Embassy would be given consular access to that U.S. citizen. Persons violating Belize’s laws, even unknowingly, may be expelled, arrested, or imprisoned. Penalties for possessing, using, or trafficking illegal drugs in Belize are severe, and convicted offenders can expect long jail sentences and heavy fines. Belize has strict laws making possession of a firearm, ammunition, or anti-ballistic body armor illegal unless a valid permit is obtained. Penalties for firearms violations are severe. U.S. gun licenses or permits have no validity in Belize. Engaging in sexual conduct with children, using or disseminating child pornography in a foreign country, including Belize, is a crime, prosecutable in the United States, under the Protect Act. U.S. law requires that all sex offenders notify U.S. law enforcement authorities of any travel outside of the U.S. Persons illegally present in Belize may face a sentence of imprisonment of up to 6 months if they are unable to pay the fine imposed by a court. The U.S. Embassy does not have the jurisdiction to resolve legal cases on behalf of U.S. citizens. Consular access for U.S. citizens who are detained or arrested is uniformly good. If you are arrested in Belize, the Belize arresting officials are required to notify the U.S. Embassy of your arrest. To ensure that the United States is aware of your circumstances, request that the police or prison officials notify the U.S. Embassy, Belmopan as soon as you are arrested or detained overseas.