德国的人民与社会

国籍

名词：德国人 形容词：德国的

民族

德意志族85.4%，土耳其族1.8%，乌克兰族1.4%，叙利亚族1.1%，罗马尼亚族1%，波兰族1%，其他/无国籍/未指明8.3%

人口

84,607,016

人口（男性/女性）

男性：41,572,702 女性：42,546,398

人口分布

德国是欧洲第二人口大国；全国大部分地区人口分布相当均匀，城市地区吸引了更多、更密集的人口，尤其是在工业州北莱茵-威斯特法伦州的最西部地区。

城市人口

urban population: 77.8% of total population rate of urbanization: 0.13% annual rate of change

主要城市人口

3,574,000人 柏林（首都），1,788,000人 汉堡，1,576,000人 慕尼黑，1,144,000人 科隆，796,000人 法兰克福

年龄结构

0-14岁：13.8%（男性5,925,800人/女性5,688,603人） 15-64岁：62.5%（男性26,705,657人/女性25,875,865人） 65岁及以上：23.7%（男性8,941,245人/女性10,981,930人）

中位年龄

总计：46.8岁 男性：45.5岁 女性：48.3岁

出生时预期寿命

总人口：81.0岁 男性：78.6岁 女性：83.4岁

婴儿死亡率

总计：3.0例死亡/1,000例活产 男性：3.3例死亡/1,000例活产 女性：2.6例死亡/1,000例活产

饮用水水源

improved: urban: 100% of population rural: 100% of population total: 100% of population unimproved: urban: 0% of population rural: 0% of population total: 0% of population

卫生设施获取

improved: urban: 100% of population rural: 100% of population total: 100% of population unimproved: urban: 0% of population rural: 0% of population total: 0% of population

烟草使用

总计：22% 男性：24.1% 女性：19.9%

酒精消费

总计：10.56升纯酒精 啤酒：5.57升纯酒精 葡萄酒：3.02升纯酒精 烈酒：1.97升纯酒精 其他酒精饮料：0升纯酒精

识字率定义

15岁及以上的人口能够读写

学校教育年限总计

总计：17年 男性：17年 女性：17年

课堂

学校建筑本身可能各有不同，既有具有深厚传统和历史底蕴的经典老建筑，也有采用最新建筑风格的新建建筑。但这些建筑始终保持整洁，并被视为当地文化的重要组成部分。由于学校得到了文化和政府层面的大力支持，教育问题总体上不会被轻视。 在课堂上，教师受到高度尊重，但师生关系以及教师与家长之间的关系可以相对随意和轻松。 计算机在德国教育中发挥着重要作用。学生需要使用计算机完成家庭作业、在互联网上进行研究，甚至可能在名为"信息学"的课程中学习编写自己的程序。

教育文化

教育在德国非常重要。德国是世界上最早为儿童提供义务免费教育的国家之一，甚至可能是最早的国家，这一制度从18世纪开始，由普鲁士国王颁令实施。德国15岁以上人口的识字率高达99%。 如今，德国的学校主要由各州负责监管，联邦政府的影响力较小。教师由教育部负责招聘，一旦在规定的时间内证明了自己的能力，便基本上获得终身聘用。教师参与每所学校的行政管理工作，而当地市镇则负责雇用清洁和秘书人员。学生也会帮助打扫教室及周边环境。在学校里，正如在德国文化的许多方面一样，整洁和秩序是非常重要的。 值得注意的是，2006年9月，德国禁止家庭对子女进行在家教育。

学习

在德国，儿童上学不需要穿校服。他们可以穿自己喜欢的衣服，这与美国大多数学校的着装规定类似。 幼儿园面向3岁至6岁的儿童，供有需要的家庭自愿选择。基础学校（Grundschule，即小学）从6岁开始，共持续4年。尽管私立学校也是一种选择，但大多数儿童就读于公立学校，因为公立学校是免费的，而私立学校需要缴纳额外的学费和行政费用。儿童在10岁时，可根据自身能力选择以下四种基本教育方向之一：主体中学（Hauptschule，学术要求最低，学制至第9年级）、实科中学（Realschule，学制至第10年级）、文理中学（Gymnasium，学制至第12或第13年级，是计划升读大学的学生的主要通道）、或综合学校（Gesamtschule，学制至第10年级，同时提供上述三种教育方向）。根据不同州的规定，最终决定每名儿童就读方向的权力，或归属于教师，或归属于家长与教师协商后共同决定。除文理中学外，其他方向的学生通常会进入职业学校就读，在那里通过在职培训与每周两天的课堂学习相结合的方式接受职业技能训练。文理中学的学业以参加一项名为"高中毕业会考"（Abitur）的考试作为结束，该考试决定学生是否有资格继续升读大学。符合条件的学生同样可以免费就读大学。 德国学年通常从八月中旬前后开始，分为两个学期。学生通常享有12周的假期——其中6周为暑假，2周为圣诞假期，其余假期则分配在春季（通常在复活节前后）和秋季（在过去，儿童往往需要在此时帮助家里收割庄稼）。在部分州，学校每周上课六天，周日是唯一的休息日。 学校通常在上午8时开始上课，低年级学生往往在中午便可放学，10岁以上的儿童则通常在下午1时30分放学。每节课（通常为45分钟）结束后，一般有5分钟、10分钟或15分钟的课间休息，但学生无需前往其他教室上下一节课。他们留在同一个"班级教室"里，而由各科教师轮流前往该教室授课。 部分小学最早从一年级或二年级便开始教授英语。在各类中学，学生通常需要将英语作为基础必修课学习五年。根据各州的课程要求，部分学生还会学习另一门外语。这些外语包括法语、拉丁语、波兰语、西班牙语、意大利语、俄语和古希腊语。由于各州自行管理本州的课程设置，儿童从一个州转学到另一个州可能会面临很大的困难。 德国学校采用6分制评分，1分为优秀，6分为不及格。获得6分的学生通常需要留级重读该年级（每年约有5%的学生需要留级）。

上学

学生们通常步行、骑自行车，或者利用全国各地的公共交通系统出行。这些交通系统包括公共汽车、有轨电车和火车。

• Protestant34.0%
• Roman Catholic34.0%
• unaffiliated or other28.3%
• Muslim3.7%

德语

• German

• 康拉德·阿登纳

  Other

• 卡尔·马克思

  Reformer

• 汉斯和索菲·肖尔

  Other

• 威利·勃兰特

  Other

• 约翰·沃尔夫冈·冯·歌德

  Other

• 约翰内斯·古腾堡

  Inventor

• Otto von Bismarck

  政府领导人

• Martin Luther

  Religious Leader · 1483–1546

  Martin Luder, later changed to Luther, was born on November 10, 1483 at Eisleben. He attended Latin school and boarding school as a child. When he was 18 he went to the University of Erfurt and studied liberal arts. He got his Master’s degree in 1505. He was almost struck by lightning and yelled "Help me St. Anne and I’ll become a monk!" He then went to the Black Monastery to become a monk. There he learned of the monk’s life and sacrifice. He doubted his faith and salvation but served as a priest there. He wrote 95 theses of "Disputation on the Power and Efficiency of Indulgences" against the church. On October 31, 1517, he nailed them to the door of the church in Wittingham. The pope also received a copy. Luther had originally wrote them in Latin, but it was then translated into German, and the pope asked "What drunken German wrote these?" He was invited to a meeting concerning the matter and was scared he would die. They were going to arrest him, but he escaped in the night back to Wittingham. The Pope and Luther made a truce, but it was soon broken. Martin was excommunicated on January 3, 1521. Luther died February 18, 1546 where he was born. Those who follow Martin Luther are called "Lutherans", a very popular Protestant church, there are approximately 66 million Lutherans.

• 彼得·保罗·鲁本斯

  1577

  彼得·保罗·鲁本斯是弗兰德斯艺术家,1577年6月29日出生于西发里亚的西根(德国)。

• 乔治·弗里德里克·亨德尔

  Composer · 1685

  乔治·弗里德里克·亨德尔是英国作曲家,1685年2月23日出生于德国哈雷。

• Johann Sebastian Bach

  Composer · 1685–1750

  Johann Sebastian Bach was born in Eisenach, Thuringia (Now Germany) on March 21, 1685. His father was Johann Ambrosius. His father was a court trumpeter for the Duke of Eisenach. The Bach family was well known for their musical talents. Johann Sebastian was taught to play the violin and harpsicord by his father, and learned the organ from his famous uncle, Johann Christoph. He beacame very good at these instruments at a very young age. When he was eight he went to a Latin language school and was in the choir and was told he had a "uncommonly fine treble voice". When he was nine, his mother died, and nine months later his father died too. Him and one of his brothers went to his other brothers house to live. He then sang in the Michaelis monastery. It was a very wealthy place, but took in Johann for his soprano voice. Once old enough, he left with his friend, Georg Erdmann to sing and travel together. Johann soon lost his soprano voice, but not his musical talent. He played violin in the orchestra. When he was 18, he decided that music was what will get him somewhere so he wanted to pursue a career in the field.He taught music at a church in Arnstandt. The Church Council thought the music he played was strange, but they knew his talent so kept him there. He met a girl, thought to be his cousin, and he soon married her. Her name was Maria Barbra. He was a very succesful writer. He wrote several concertos and performed them personally. His eyes started to fail because he was so used to dark rooms. On July 28, 1750, he woke up and said he could stand the light again. That day died from a stroke. His body remains at St. John’s Church.

• 雅各布·路德维希·卡尔·格林

  Author · 1785

  雅各布·路德维希·卡尔·格林是德国童话故事集者,1785年1月3日出生于德国哈瑙。

• 

  Georg Somin Ohm

  Scientist · 1787

  Georg Simon Ohm was born in 1787 in Germany. His father, Johann Wolfgang Ohm, was a locksmith and his mother, Maria Elizabeth Beck, was the daughter of a tailor. Although his parents had not been formally educated, Ohm’s father was a remarkable man who had educated himself and was able to give his sons an excellent education through his own teachings. In 1805, Ohm entered the University of Erlangen and received a doctorate. He wrote elementary geometry books while teaching mathematics at several schools. Ohm began experimental work in a school physics laboratory after he had learned of the discovery of electromagnetism in 1820. In two important papers in 1826, Ohm gave a mathematical description of conduction in circuits modeled on Fourier’s study of heat conduction. These papers continue Ohm’s deduction of results from experimental evidence and, particularly in the second, he was able to propose laws which went a long way to explaining results of others working on galvanic electricity. The basic components of an electrochemical cell are: 1) Electrodes (X and Y) that are made of electrically conductive materials: metals, carbon, composites ... 2) Reference electrodes (A, B, C) that are in electrolytic contact with an electrolyte 3) The cell itself or container that is made of an inert material: glass, Plexiglass, ... and 4) An electrolyte that is the solution containing ions. Using the results of his experiments, Georg Simon Ohm was able to define the fundamental relationship between voltage, current, and resistance. What is now known as Ohm’s law appeared in his most famous work, a book published in 1827 that gave his complete theory of electricity. The equation I = V/R is known as "Ohm’s Law". It states that the amount of steady current through a material is directly proportional to the voltage across the material divided by the electrical resistance of the material. The ohm (R), a unit of electrical resistance, is equal to that of a conductor in which a current (I) of one ampere is produced by a potential of one volt (V) across its terminals. These fundamental relationships represent the true beginning of electrical circuit analysis.

• 

  尼古劳斯·奥古斯特·奥托

  Inventor · 1832

  尼古劳斯·奥古斯特·奥托于1832年出生在德国,他发明了第一个蒸汽机的实用替代品——第一个成功的四冲程循环发动机。奥托在1861年建造了他的第一台四冲程发动机。随后,他与德国工业家欧根·兰根合作,改进了设计,并在1867年巴黎世界博览会上赢得了金奖。 1876年,当时是旅行推销员的奥托偶然发现了一份关于勒诺尔内燃机的报纸报道。年底前,奥托已经建造了一台内燃机,采用四冲程活塞循环。这种设计现在被称为’奥托循环’以纪念他,它要求活塞进行四个冲程来吸入和压缩气体与空气混合物进入气缸,从而产生内部爆炸。他获得了其燃气发动机的专利#365,701。由于其可靠性、效率和相对的安静性,在接下来的10年里,超过30,000台奥托循环发动机被制造出来。他还为他的发动机开发了低压磁电点火系统,大大提高了启动的便利性。

• 约翰内斯·勃拉姆斯

  Composer · 1833

  约翰内斯·勃拉姆斯是德国作曲家,1833年5月7日出生于德意志邦联汉堡州。[现今汉堡,德国]

• 威廉·康拉德·伦琴

  Inventor · 1845

  威廉·康拉德·伦琴是X射线的发明者,1845年3月27日出生于德国雷姆沙伊德-莱内普。

• 

  Albert Einstein

  Scientist · 1879–1955

  Albert Einstein was born in Germany in 1879. He enjoyed classical music and played the violin. One story Einstein liked to tell about his childhood was of a wonder he saw when he was four or five years old: a magnetic compass. The needle’s invariable northward swing, guided by an invisible force, profoundly impressed the child. The compass convinced him that there had to be "something behind things, something deeply hidden." Even as a small boy Einstein was self-sufficient and thoughtful. According to family legend he was a slow talker, pausing to consider what he would say. His sister remembered the concentration and perseverance with which he would build houses of cards. In 1933, he joined the staff of the newly created Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. He accepted this position for life, living there until his death. Einstein is probably familiar to most people for his mathematical equation about the nature of energy, . Einstein wrote a paper with a new understanding of the structure of light. He argued that light can act as though it consists of discrete, independent particles of energy, in some ways like the particles of a gas. A few years before, Max Planck’s work had contained the first suggestion of a discreteness in energy, but Einstein went far beyond this. His revolutionary proposal seemed to contradict the universally accepted theory that light consists of smoothly oscillating electromagnetic waves. But Einstein showed that light quanta, as he called the particles of energy, could help to explain phenomena being studied by experimental physicists. For example, he made clear how light ejects electrons from metals. There was a well-known kinetic energy theory that explained heat as an effect of the ceaseless motion of atoms; Einstein proposed a way to put the theory to a new and crucial experimental test. If tiny but visible particles were suspended in a liquid, he said, the irregular bombardment by the liquid’s invisible atoms should cause the suspended particles to carry out a random jittering dance. One should be able to observe this through a microscope, and if the predicted motion were not seen, the whole kinetic theory would be in grave danger. But just such a random dance of microscopic particles had long since been observed. Now the motion was explained in detail. Einstein had reinforced the kinetic theory, and he had created a powerful new tool for studying the movement of atoms.

• Adolf Hitler

  Government Leader · 1889–1945

  Adolf Hitler was born on the 20th of April, 1889 in an Austrian town near the German border. His parents were Alois Hitler and Klara Hitler. Klara and Alois had 5 children, but Adolf and his younger sister Paula were the only ones who survived to be adults. Alois had high expectations for Adolf after one of his other sons was a failure and ended up in prison for theft, so Adolf was beat if he did not do as he was told. He did well in school, with friends, and even in religion. He considered becoming a monk at one point. He moved onto a larger school, and when he was not top of the class, he decided to wuit altogether. His popularity went down too. He hung around some of the younger kids because he could oder them around. His father died when he was only 13. He left secondary school at 15 and got drunk after. He didn’t like it so he never got drunk again and eventually gave up alcohol all together. He moved to Vienna at 18 and was rejected by 2 art schools because he left school. He was devastated and still told his mother he was going to an art school. His mother died in 1907 due to cancer. It effected him badly and he carried a picture of her everywhere he went. He ignored his papers to serve in the Austrian army, but eventually had to get the medical for it. He was rejected because it said he was too weak. Hitler wanted to prove Germany was better. He won 5 medals in World War 1. He was described by other soldiers as an "odd and peculiar man". He was blinded in a mustard gas attack and was sent to a hospital and eventually regained his sight. He went into government and would always act mysterious at his speechs. He wanted to be known as "the New Messiah". He was a great orator and many people joined the party just for him. His beliefs were very bold. He only supported that of "German Blood" and others were below them. He eventually became the leader of the Nazi party. He and two others (after threatening them) commited treason and Hitler rose to power. Hitler and the Nazi party took over Germany slowly and created the genocide of the Jews known as the Holocaust. Jews were sent to concentration camps. They worked and then were gased. Their bodies were burned, buried, and cut to peices. This sparked World War 2. Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun were married two days before their deaths. She agreed to commit suicide with him because she would hate a world without him. On April 30th, 1945 they said their farewells and took cyanide pills. Hitler also shot himself in the head and was cremated.

• Anne Frank

  Author · 1929–1945

  Anne Frank, author of Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl, was born in Frankfurt am Main, Germany on June 12, 1929. Born Annelies Marie Frank, she was the second child of Otto Frank and Edith Frank. She grew up Jewish in Germany during the reign of Adolf Hitler. On her 13th birthday, Anne recived a diary as a gift. She wrote in it constantly. As the Jewish genocide in Germany began, Anne, her family, and the Van Pel family go into hiding in the "Secret Annex". It is a room in Otto’s company building that was hidden by a bookshelf. The families were helped by 4 of Otto’s employees, including Miep Gies. In November of 1942, another person joins the hidden. Dentist Fritz Pfeffer. Anne was in hiding for the better part of her life. 2 of her most important years. She had to be quiet during the daylight hours and had to be inside all the time. The hidden hear about many things on the English radio. They hear of the gassing at the Concentration camps and Anne got her hopes up once she heard about the Allies who landed on the beach of Normandy. Anne and her family was betrayed by Victor Kugler on Friday, August 4, 1944. He took three Dutch policeman to the Annex and the hidden were discovered. As they were being taken away, Miep Gies saved the papers of Anne Franks diary. The eight were seperated into different camps and several died. Anne and her older sister, Margot Frank died of Typhus in March of 1945, just a few weeks before the camp was liberated by the British Army.

犯罪信息

德国的暴力犯罪较为罕见，但在较大城市或高风险地区（例如大型城市地铁系统和火车站）仍可能发生，主要集中在深夜或凌晨时段。曾有数起针对美国公民的严重人身攻击事件发生在高风险城区。然而，大多数街头犯罪事件涉及盗窃无人看管的物品和扒窃行为。请采取与在任何大城市相同的防范措施。 请勿购买假冒和盗版商品，即使这些商品随处可见。这些盗版商品不仅违法携带回美国，而且购买此类商品也可能违反当地法律。