美国的人民与社会

国籍

名词：美国人 形容词：美国的

民族

白人占61.6%，黑人或非裔美国人占12.4%，亚裔占6%，原住民和阿拉斯加原住民占1.1%，夏威夷原住民和其他太平洋岛民占0.2%，其他族裔占8.4%，两种或两种以上混血族裔占10.2%。

人口

339,996,563

人口（男性/女性）

男性：168,598,780 女性：173,364,628

人口分布

大型城市群分布在美国东半部各地（尤其是五大湖地区、东北部、东部和东南部）以及西部各州；山区（主要是落基山脉和阿巴拉契亚山脉）、西南部的沙漠地带、极北地区茂密的北方针叶林以及中部大草原各州人口密度较低；阿拉斯加州的人口主要集中在其南部沿海地区——尤其是安克雷奇市——而夏威夷州的人口则主要集中在瓦胡岛上。

城市人口

urban population: 83.3% of total population rate of urbanization: 0.96% annual rate of change

主要城市人口

1893.7万 纽约-纽瓦克，1253.4万 洛杉矶-长滩-圣塔安纳，893.7万 芝加哥，670.7万 休斯顿，657.4万 达拉斯-沃思堡，549.0万 华盛顿哥伦比亚特区（首都）

年龄结构

0-14岁：18.1%（男性 31,618,532人 / 女性 30,254,223人） 15-64岁：63.4%（男性 108,553,822人 / 女性 108,182,491人） 65岁及以上：18.5%（2024年估计）（男性 28,426,426人 / 女性 34,927,914人）

中位年龄

总计：38.9岁 男性：37.8岁 女性：40岁

出生时预期寿命

总人口：78.4岁 男性：75.9岁 女性：80.9岁

婴儿死亡率

总计：每1,000例活产婴儿死亡5.4例 男性：每1,000例活产婴儿死亡5.8例 女性：每1,000例活产婴儿死亡4.9例

饮用水水源

improved: urban: 99.9% of population rural: 99.7% of population total: 99.9% of population unimproved: urban: 0.1% of population rural: 0.3% of population total: 0.1% of population

卫生设施获取

improved: urban: 99.8% of population rural: 98.9% of population total: 99.7% of population unimproved: urban: 0.2% of population rural: 11.1% of population total: 0.3% of population

烟草使用

总计：23% 男性：28.4% 女性：17.5%

酒精消费

总计：8.93升纯酒精 啤酒：3.97升纯酒精 葡萄酒：1.67升纯酒精 烈酒：3.29升纯酒精 其他酒精饮料：0升纯酒精

识字率定义

15岁及以上人口能够读写

学校教育年限总计

总计：16年 男性：16年 女性：17年

课堂

由于学校的资金来源于州和地方层面，建筑设施和课堂资源的质量可能存在显著差异。大多数学校尽量将班级规模控制在20名学生或以下，但有时由于资源限制，班级招生人数会更多。 由于学生每天平均在校时间为七到八个小时（具体取决于当地规定），他们通常会在校期间吃午餐。他们可以从家里带午餐，也可以以非常实惠的价格（约2.00美元）在学校购买午餐。学校提供的午餐膳食指南由联邦政府制定（由农业部负责管理），但由地方学校决定提供哪些食物以满足这些指南的要求。一顿典型的午餐可能包括一个汉堡包或一片披萨、一杯饮料、水果和一块饼干。对于低收入家庭，午餐可免费提供或享受价格优惠。在2004至2005学年，美国每十名学生中有六名获得了免费或价格优惠的午餐。

教育文化

美国没有全国性的学校教育体系；但是，除了各州和地方的教育指导方针之外，还有联邦支持项目和教育指导方针。18岁以下儿童中有85%至90%就读于公立学校。尽管各州的年龄限制有所不同，但美国所有儿童都有权接受至少11年的公费教育。这些公立学校由地方和州税收提供资金，并受其管辖。公立学校教育中有一小部分由特许学校组成，这些公立学校被移交给地方社区或家长群体来运营。在不就读公立学校的儿童中，大多数就读于私立学校，其费用须由学生家庭自行承担。美国80%的私立学校由宗教团体运营。第三种教育选择是在家上学，即由家长在家中亲自教导孩子，但只有一小部分人采用这种方式。2003年，在家接受教育的儿童数量首次超过一百万。 幼儿园通常在进入小学前提供一年的学前教育，小学从六岁开始。学校体系通常包括小学一年级至六年级，初中七年级至八年级或九年级（有时称为中学），以及高中九年级或十年级至十二年级。在较小的农村社区，小学涵盖一年级至八年级，高中涵盖剩余年级直至十二年级的情况并不少见。 随着过去20年间不以英语为母语的人口大量涌入，传统教育模式已经扩展，纳入了美国许多主要亚文化群体的内容和方法。 与大多数工业化国家一样，进入劳动力市场的年轻人中约有三分之一接受过大学教育。越来越多的工作岗位要求具备大学学历，以维持许多家庭已经习以为常的生活水准。

学习

儿童每天在校时间平均为七至八小时（具体取决于各州及地方法规），上课时间为周一至周五，每年约上课180天。大多数学校在夏季有约两个半月的长假，这比许多其他国家的暑假要长得多。 美国大多数公立学校不要求穿校服（1997年有3%的学校要求穿校服，而部分研究称2000年这一比例高达21%）。然而，学校通常会有某种着装规范，禁止穿着过于暴露皮肤或内衣的服装、与帮派相关的服装，或其他不安全的服装。在私立学校中，校服相当普遍，通常由特定颜色的有领衬衫搭配特定颜色的裤子或裙子组成。部分私立学校则倾向于更为正式的校服，男生穿西装外套并打领带，女生穿灯笼裤或裙子。 尽管各州的学校课程有所不同，但几乎所有小学都会教授数学、语文（如阅读和写作）、科学、社会研究（包括历史和地理）以及体育。如今，大多数学校还会教授基本的计算机技能，这在各个学习领域和日常生活技能中正变得越来越重要。中学则会教授这些基础学科领域中更加深入细化的内容，并且通常还会提供额外的选修课程，例如戏剧、合唱与器乐、生活技能（如烹饪或个人理财）、外语、体育运动、出版以及职业技能（如汽车维修、焊接或木工）。 大多数州使用一系列字母来评定成绩：传统上，A代表优秀，B代表良好，C代表中等，D代表低于平均水平，F则为不及格，需要重修该课程直至掌握为止。然而，成绩虚高已成为一种十分普遍的现象，如今B更多地代表中等水平，而C则意味着勉强及格但表现低于标准。

上学

一些孩子骑自行车上学或步行，一些孩子乘坐学校提供的校车，另一些孩子会利用许多大都市地区提供的公共交通系统，还有一些孩子会参加拼车或由父母接送。交通方式通常取决于学校位于城市还是农村地区、一年中的时间以及父母的经济状况。

• Protestant52.0%
• Roman Catholic24.0%
• Other10.0%
• None10.0%
• Mormon2.0%
• Jewish1.0%
• Muslim1.0%

英语 82.1%，西班牙语 10.7%，其他印欧语系 3.8%，亚洲及太平洋岛屿语言 2.7%，其他 0.7% 注：美国没有官方国家语言，但英语已在50个州中的28个州获得官方语言地位；夏威夷语是夏威夷州的官方语言

• English

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  John Adams

  美国总统

  Second President of the United States of America from 1797-1801 . Without John Adams the United States of America might not have had an Independence Day to celebrate. He was one of the first men in the colonies to argue that we should seek freedom for England . John Adams served with Thomas Jefferson on the committee that wrote the Declaration of Independence. He helped convince Continental Congress that the Declaration should be accepted, and as a result, on July 4, 1776, the country known as The United States of America was born. John Adams, was a lawyer. He graduated from Harvard University . In spite of his great patriotism, courage, and honesty, Adams was an unpopular president. Proud and stubborn, he represented the influence and power of his secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, and his Vice-President, Thomas Jefferson. John Adams was the first president to live in the white house, then called the Castle. It was not finished inside and lacked landscaping. Adams’ most important acts as President were: Keeping us out of war with France , establishing the Marine Corps and the Department of the Navy, and establishing the Library of Congress. The Fifth Amendment was added to the Constitution while he was president.

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  约翰·昆西·亚当斯

  政府领导人

  6 th President of the United States of America from 1825 - 1829. John Quincy Adams was the son of our 2 nd president, John Adams. This is the only case of both a father and son being elected to presidency until George W. Bush. When John Quincy Adams was 10 years old he watched the Battle of Bunker Hill. His father often took him to Europe on his travels and at age 14 John Quincy became secretary of our ambassador to Russia . John Quincy Adams was a lawyer. He was very brilliant and capable, which is why he held more government offices then any president before him. John Quincy was the first president to win an election without the majority of electoral or popular vote. There were 4 men running for president in 1824 and none of them received two-thirds of majority necessary to win so the House of Representatives chose the president, which was John Quincy Adams. While he was president the Erie Canal was completed and track was laid for America ’s first passenger train. No new states were added during his term.

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  切斯特·艾伦·亚瑟

  美国总统

  21 st President of the United States of America from 1881 - 1885. Chester A. Arthur was a professional politician who achieved his goals by whatever he could. He rose to power during a period of dishonesty in government. As a New York lawyer he became known as a defender of Negro’s civil rights. In 1855 he won a case establishing rights for Negroes to ride any street car in the city. As president, Arthur surprised the nation by his honesty and efficiency. Outraged over dishonesty of some previous administrations in appointing officials to positions where they had no particular training or ability, Arthur caused Congress to pass the Civil Service Act. This meant to apply for a government job one must pass a test to show their skills and ability. It also protected them from losing their job when a president died. When Arthur was president, the first skyscraper was built in Chicago , The U.S. celebrated the 100 th anniversary of its independence, and standard time was adopted across the country.

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  詹姆斯·布坎南

  美国总统

  15 th President of the United States of America from 1857 - 1861. James Buchanan was our only bachelor President. When he was a young man he became engaged. The couple quarreled and broke the engagement – shortly after the girl died. This unhappy affair really upset Buchanan and he vowed to never marry. While president, his niece acted to be the White House hostess. When Buchanan was president, 7 of the 15 states broke off and created the Confederate States of America . The Pony Express was established and Americans went riding in horse drawn sleighs singing the newest song – Jingle Bells. Three more states were added to the Union . They were Minnesota , Oregon , and Kansas .

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  George H. W. Bush

  美国总统

  41st George Herbert Walker Bush President of the United States of America from 1989 - 1993. On Tuesday, November 8, 1988, George Bush and Dan Quayle were elected President and Vice-President of the U.S. They represented the Republican Party and defeated Mike Dukakis and Lloyd Bentsen of the Democratic Party. Mr. Bush had served as Vice-President to Ronald Reagan for the last 8 years and he became the first Vice-President to be elected to the Presidency on his own since Martin Van Buren. Bush was a pilot during World War II and won the Distinguished Flying Cross for heroism. He later graduated from Yale University . He worked as a salesman in the oil industry in Texas and later he and his two partners founded their oil company. He has also been President of an off-shore drilling company. He married Barbra Peirce in 1945 and they have five living children (Robin, a daughter died in 1953 at the age of five). Bush entered politics in 1964 when he ran for Senate and lost. In 1966, he won a seat in the House of Representatives. He served 2 terms. He has also served as an Ambassador of the United Nations, been chairman of the Republican National Committee, and been Director of the C.I.A.

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  格罗弗·克利夫兰

  美国总统

  22 nd and 24 th President of the United States of America from 1885 - 1889 and 1893 - 1897. Grover Cleveland was our only president to serve 2 non-successive terms. He was also the 1 st president to be married in the White House. Cleveland was the son of a minister who died when Grover studied law and became a successful attorney. Cleveland was an honest president and didn’t hesitate to veto bills that he considered a “raid on the U.S. Treasury”. His motto was “a public office is a public trust.” When Cleveland was president, France gave us the Statue of Liberty as a symbol of friendship between the two countries. Cleveland defeated Benjamin Harrison in the 1892 election to become our 24 th president. When Cleveland was president the 2 nd time Utah was made the 45 th state, Henry Ford’s 1 st car appeared on the streets of Detroit in 1893, the Chicago World’s Fair featured the 1 st Ferris wheel and the 1 st fairgrounds lighted by electricity, and Thomas A. Edison opened the 1 st motion picture studio

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  比尔·克林顿

  美国总统

  42 nd President of the United States of America from 1993 - 2001. As a 16-year-old member of Boy’s Nation, Clinton stood in the Rose Garden of the White House and shook hands with John Kennedy- an instant of symbolic torch passing that had a powerful effect upon a boy from Hope , Arkansas . Clinton likes to invoke a parallel. Kennedy and Clinton do not look alike, though they share an air of youth and vigor and good health. Mr. Bill Clinton won the presidential election in November 1992, over the incumbent President, George Bush, who managed Desert Storm steadfastly and precisely. The American people responded to Clinton ’s gamble by taking an enormous risk of their own. Clinton ’s best luck was that the economy kept dragging along the bottom or the duration fof the campaign. “First, we have to roll up our sleeves,” Bill Clinton explains how he will make the hard choices that lie ahead of him. With his wife Hilary, he describes a political partnership without precedent in U.S. history. The American people are eager to see many new and creative changes in the future with Clinton ’s in the White House.

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  卡尔文·柯立芝

  美国总统

  30 th President of the United States of America from 1923 - 1929. Calvin Coolidge was a shy, silent lawyer. His nickname “Silent Cal” suited him well. He issued few unnecessary public statements and rarely wasted a word. His campaign slogan was “Keep Cool with Coolidge.” Coolidge was a very popular President and could have served a second term but refused. His statement on the subject was “I do not choose to run for President in 1929.” When Coolidge was president, Charles A. Lindbergh made the first solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean, two U.S. Army bi-planes made the first around the world flight, the first diesel locomotive began operation in New York , and the first talking motion picture was made. The title of this movie was “The Jazz Singer” and starred Al Jolson.

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  Dwight D. Eisenhower

  美国总统

  34 th President of the United States of America from 1953 - 1961. Dwight David Eisenhower, a general in World War II, commanded the greatest army in history. He was the commander of all the Allied armies in Europe . He was the second President to be a West Point graduate. Eisenhower as the choice of both political parties for their nominee for President in 1952. He was very close to being a bipartisan President (one that represents both parties). When Ike, as he was called by his friends, finished his second term in office, he was 70 years old, the oldest man in the U.S. history to leave that office at that time. Almost as soon as he took office, Eisenhower brought an end to U.S. involvement in the Korean War. Other events when he was President were; Dr. Jonas Salk discovered a vaccine to prevent polio, the first satellite was launched in 1958, jet passenger service began on U.S. airlines and Alaska and Hawaii were admitted to the Union as 49 th and 50 th states. Eisenhower was the first President to have his inaugural ceremonies on television

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  米勒德·菲尔莫尔

  美国总统

  13 th President of the United States of America from 1850 - 1853. Millard Fillmore was born in a log cabin. His parents were poor farmers. At the age of 14 he was apprenticed to a clothing maker. He hated his work and his master so bad he worked on his father’s farm and studied to become a lawyer. His tutors name was Miss Abigail Powers and she encouraged him to go into politics. In 1826 they were married. Fillmore’s most important contribution to the country was to delay the Civil War by passing the Compromise of 1850. This provided for the run-away slaves to be returned to their owners and abolished slavery in Washington D.C. It also organized the territories of Utah and New Mexico with no reference to slavery and admitted California to the Union as a free state . The city of Fillmore in Millard County , Utah , is named for this President.

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  杰拉尔德·R·福特

  美国总统

  38 th President of the United States of America from 1974 - 1977. Gerald Ford was the only Vice president to become president upon the resignation of a President. Richard Nixon resigned President on August 9, 1974, and Ford took office the same day. Ford had been Vice President only 8 months when he became President. The major problems Ford inherited as President was soaring inflation and a loss of public confidence in government. The Watergate scandal was not quickly forgotten in the minds of most Americans, and so when President Ford pardoned Nixon of all federal crimes, Ford’s popularity has hurt severely. Other happenings during Ford’s administration were: the bicentennial celebration of the founding of American, space vehicle (Viking I) landed on another planet (Mars) in 1976, and the Vietnam War ended in 1975 when North Vietnam conquered South Vietnam . President, Gerald Ford escaped 2 assassination attempts, both in 1975 and both in California . Gerald Ford was elected President in 1976, and thus became the only person ever to serve as President of the United States without being elected to that office.

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  詹姆斯·A·加菲尔德

  美国总统

  20 th President of the United States of America in 1881. James A. Garfield was the last President to be born in a log cabin. Nobody knows what kind of president he would be because he was assassinated a few months into office. His is the shortest term next to William Henry Harrison. Before becoming president, he was a successful professor, college president, Civil War General, and U.S .Congressman. He was a very brilliant man and would entertain his friends by writing Greek in one hand and Latin in the other. On July 2, 1881, while standing in a railroad station in Washington D.C. , Charles J. Guiteau stepped out of a crowd of people and fired 2 shots at Garfield . Guiteau held a grudge because he didn’t appoint him the U.S. Consul in Paris , France . Garfield lived near death for 80 days. Surgeons couldn’t find the bullet lodged in his back. In the short time Garfield was president, The Red Cross was organized by Clara Barton. Garfield County in Utah is named for this President.

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  尤利塞斯·S·格兰特

  美国总统

  18 th President of the United States of America from 1869 - 1877. Ulysses S, Grant was the first West Point graduate to become president. He gained fame as the leader of the victorious Union Army during the Civil War. Grant’s presidency was clouded by disgrace and dishonesty. Grant himself was not dishonest but he put his trust with the wrong people. The dishonest schemes were committed by persons he had in high positions. Grant’s real name was Hyrum Ulysses Grant, but the Congressman who made the appointment papers to West Point thought that Ulysses was his first name and Simpson, his mother’s family name was his middle. Afraid that his classmates would make fun of his initials (H.U.G.), he never corrected the mistake. While Grant was president, the transcontinental railroad was connected, the telephone was invented, Yellowstone Park was made our first National park, Custer was defeated at the Battle of the Big Horn, the Suez Canal was completed, and Colorado was admitted to the Union . Also, the 15 th amendment was added to the Constitution giving all citizens the right to vote.

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  沃伦·G·哈定

  美国总统

  29 th President of the United States of America from 1921 - 1923. Warren G. Harding was our only President to be in the Newspaper business. He bought the Marion Star when he was 19 and became its editor. When Harding became president, he had the confidence of the American people and his slogan “Back to normalcy” was very popular. Life in the U.S. did seem to be back to normal. Harding had little interest in foreign affairs of other nations. A scandal arose involving a United States Navy oil field in the west called “ Teapot Dome ”. Some of Harding’s advisors in his cabinet had turned the rich Teapot Dome oilfields over to their personal friends. Some cabinet members went to jail for taking bribes. Other officials were convicted of stealing government money. Harding’s close advisors had betrayed him. In 1923 he went on a speaking trip around the country to try to explain things to the American public. While on this trip he became sick and died. While Harding was president, the Unknown Soldier of World War I was buried in Arlington National Cemetery and the Lincoln Memorial was dedicated.

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  本杰明·哈里森

  美国总统

  23 rd President of the United States of America from 1889 - 1893. Benjamin Harrison was the grandson of our 9 th President William Henry Harrison. Benjamin was very brilliant. He became a lawyer at the age of 20. Harrison did more than any other president to increase respect for the flag. By his order, the flag waved above the White House and all government buildings. Harrison also urged that the flag be flown over all the schools. Harrison ’s greatest contribution was passing the Anti-Trust Act. During the period of rapid industrialization in the late 1880’s many corporations formed trusts that controlled market prices and destroyed competition. This Act was passed to protect small farmers and businessmen. While Harrison was president, electric lights and bells were installed in the White House, basketball was originated in 1891 by James A Naismith, a physical education instructor. The states of North Dakota , South Dakota , Montana , Washington , Idaho , and Wyoming were added to the United States.

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  威廉·亨利·哈里森

  美国总统

  9 th President of the United States of America in 1841. William Henry Harrison was the oldest man to become the president of the United States . Harrison also served the shortest term in office (31 days). At his inaugural ceremonies he caught a cold which turned to pneumonia. He died one month later. He was the first president to die in office. Harrison was born on a beautiful plantation called “ Berkeley ”. His father wanted him to become a doctor and he studied medicine for a while, but didn’t like it so he joined the army. He gained fame as an Indian fighter at the Battle of Tippecanoe. There he defeated the famous Shawnee Indian Chief Tecumseh in 1811. Harrison campaign slogan was “Tippecanoe and Tyler , too”.

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  拉瑟福德·伯查德·海斯

  美国总统

  19 th President of the United States of America from 1877 - 1881. Rutherford B. Hayes was a successful Lawyer and a fearless Civil War army officer. He was wounded four times and had four horses shot from under him. Hayes was elected President by a margin of 1 electoral vote. His election over Samuel Tilden ended the most disputed election in U.S. history. Hayes and his wife Lucy tried to set a good example for every American family; smoking, card playing, and the serving of alcohol in the White House was forbidden. Because of her ban on alcohol in the White House, some people called her “Lemonade Lucy”, but most praised her for her high standards and gracious manners. When Hayes was President, Thomas Edison invented the phonograph and demonstrated it at the White House, the first electric street lights were used, and the custom of rolling Easter Eggs on the White House lawn begun.

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  赫伯特·胡佛

  美国总统

  31 st President of the United States of America from 1929 - 1933. Herbert Hoover was the first professional engineer to hold the office of President. Hoover ’s father was a village blacksmith so Herbert had to work his way through college to earn his engineering degree. Hoover was one of the best engineers of his time and was entrusted with important engineering projects for the U.S. and other nations. When World War I broke out in 1914, he took up the job of helping stranded Americans leave Europe . He became interested in food distribution to Belgium children orphaned by the war. President Wilson appointed him Federal Food Administrator. Both Presidents Harding and Coolidge made him their Secretary of Commerce. Hoover entered the Presidency on the crest of Prosperity, but just 7 months later the country entered the worst depression of Unites States history. Stocks and bonds became worthless, business failed, banks closed, and millions were out of work. Although the depression was world wide and the result of a let-down after a war, the American people blamed Hoover and did not re-elect him.

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  Andrew Jackson

  美国总统

  7 th President of the United States of America from 1829 - 1837. Andrew Jackson was the first President to be born in a log cabin. He was an orphan and at the age of 18 he fought in the Revolutionary war and was captured by the British. While he was a prisoner a British officer slashed his arm and face with his saber. After the Revolutionary war, Jackson studied to be a lawyer and he built a beautiful plantation in Nashville , Tennessee , called “The Hermitage”. When the war of 1812 came, Jackson led the American forces at the battle of New Orleans to victory against the British. This made him a national hero and earned his nickname “Old Hickory”. While he was president the first daily newspaper was published in New York in 1833, the McCormick reaper was invented and the Battle of the Alamo took Place. The states of Arkansas and Michigan were added to the Union making a total of 26 States.

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  托马斯·杰斐逊

  美国总统

  3rd President of the United States of America from 1801 - 1809. Thomas Jefferson was a plantation owner. His plantation, Monticello , means “Little Mountain” in Indian Language. Jefferson was also a lawyer, an inventor, and a famous architect. He was one of the first farmers to use machinery. His home at Monticello is filled with his inventions. Jefferson was good at everything he tried, and the three he most proud of were: Author of the Declaration of Independence, Author of the Statue of Virginia for Religious Freedom, and founder of University of Virginia . When Jefferson was president, Ohio was admitted to the union as the 17 th state. Jefferson also doubled the land area of our country with the Louisiana Purchase from France . Other events during Jefferson’s term as President were the establishment of West Point Military Academy to train our army officers, the first successful steamboat was built by Robert Fulton, and Zebulon Pike discovered the famous peak in Colorado named after him. ( Pike’s Peak ) Thomas Jefferson was the first president to be inaugurated in Washington D.C.

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  Andrew Johnson

  美国总统

  17 th President of the United States of America from 1865 - 1869. Andrew Johnson was President during one of the most difficult periods of our history. The Civil War had left great financial problems in our country. The Union had been saved, but the feelings between the North and South were very bitter. Johnson was not a popular president especially with the Congress and Senate. Impeachment charges were filed against him and he was saved by 1 vote, it would have required 36 out of 54 Senate votes to put him out of office and only 35 votes were cast against him. Andrew Johnson never learned to read until he was 14 years old and his wife taught him to write. He had a talent for public speaking and entered debates held by students at college near his home and with this training he entered politics. While Johnson was President, we purchased Alaska from Russia , Nebraska entered the Union , the first practical typewriter was invented, and the 13 th and 14 th Amendments were added to the Constitution. The 13 th freed all remaining slaves and the 14 th made them citizens of the U.S.

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  林登·B·约翰逊

  美国总统

  36 th President of the United States of America from 1963 - 1969. Lyndon Baines Johnson was born very poor. After high school he decided he had enough schooling and worked on a road building crew. Finally he realized that his parents had been right, he did need more education. After graduation from college he taught at Houston High School for 2 years. At age 24 he quit teaching and entered politics as a secretary to a Texas Congressman. Later Johnson was elected as a Congressman and then a senator from Texas . When he entered World War II, Johnson was the first member of Congress to go on active duty. He served as a Lieutenant Commander in the Navy and was awarded the Silver Star for bravery. When Johnson was President, the United States became deeply involved in Vietnam and three U.S. astronauts became the first to orbit the moon, the 25 th Amendment was added to the Constitution, this clarified the role of Vice-President in the event of the death or disability of a President and it gave him the right to choose a new Vice-President. Although Johnson was elected by one of the largest majorities in our century, the anti-war movement and race-riots reduced his popular so much that he did not seek a 2 nd term of his own in 1968.

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  约翰·F·肯尼迪

  美国总统

  35 th President of the United States of America from 1961 - 1963. John F. Kennedy was the youngest man elected to office of President, 43 years old. (Theodore Roosevelt was 42 when he became President on death of McKinley.) Kennedy was the wealthiest man to ever take office. Most of his early education took place in exclusive private schools. He attended Harvard Law School to obtain his law degree. During World War II he served as a commander on a P.T. boat in the Navy. Kennedy is best remembered for hi statement, “Ask not what your country can do for you, but what can you do for your country.” While Kennedy was President, he avoided an atomic bomb war with Russia and forced them to withdraw their missiles from Communist Cuba, the civil rights demonstrations and protests by Negroes and other minority groups broke out in the large cities of the United States and U.S. troops were sent to Viet Nam . Kennedy was assassinated on Nov. 22, 1963, by Lee Harvey Oswald while riding in a motorcade in Dallas , Texas .

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  Abraham Lincoln

  美国总统

  16 th President of the United States of America from 1861 - 1865 Abraham Lincoln was born in a log cabin. He attended school only a few months, but read every book he could borrow in order to prove himself. While growing up he worked as a storekeeper and laborer in order to earn enough money to study law. In 1856, Lincoln joined the newly formed Republican Party. His debates with Stephen A. Douglas against slavery won him national recognition. In 1860 he won his party’s nomination for president and his election made him our first Republican President. Lincoln was president during the most difficult time in our nation’s history. Eleven slave states left the Union to the Confederate States of America . The Civil War started only days after his election in 1861 and lasted until 1865. Lincoln put an end to slavery in our country with the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863. Just 6 days after Robert E. Lee surrendered and our nation was reunited, Lincoln was assassinated at Ford’s Theater in Washington D.C. by John Wilkes Boothe. The states of Nevada and West Virginia were admitted to the Union . West Virginia was formed from a part of Virginia which did not leave with the Confederate States . .

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  詹姆斯·麦迪逊

  美国总统

  4 th President of the Unites States of America from 1809 - 1817. James Madison was a wealthy plantation owner and lawyer. He served our country well as a champion of the Bill of Rights, member of Congress, Secretary of State, and Father of the Constitution. Madison was a peace-loving man, but he was reluctantly obliged to declare war on England in 1812 to establish the rights of American ships and sailors. England was stopping our ships and trying to locate runaway British sailors. They captured American sailors and forced them to serve on English ships. During the War of 1812, the British burned Washington D.C. and the White House. This is the only war which a foreign power has invaded continental United States . In 1814 Francis Scott Key wrote “The Star Spangled Banner” during the shelling of Fort McHenry by British war-ships. While Madison was President the states of Louisiana and Indiana were added to the union to making 19. After his term in office, Madison retired to his plantation, Montpelier , where he joined with Jefferson in founding the University of Virginia . Madison was our shortest president, just 5 feet 4 inches tall.

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  William McKinley

  美国总统

  25 th President of the Unites States of America from 1897 - 1901. When the Civil War broke out McKinley was the first man in his home town to volunteer. He first served in a regimen command of another future president, Rutherford B. Hayes. After the war he entered law school. Early in life McKinley developed a love for politics. He served two terms as governor of Ohio and seven terms as a U.S. Congressman. His political career almost came to an end when banks came to him to collect notes for 100,000.00 which he signed to a friend who went bankrupt. Threatened with bankruptcy himself, he appealed to his wealthy political sponsor, Marcus Hanna. Hanna and some other wealthy men paid off the notes and saved McKinley’s future. When McKinley ran for president, he conducted most of his campaign from his front porch. His wife was an invalid and he refused to leave her to go on campaign trips. Mr. Hanna arranged for thousands of visitors to go to McKinley’s home in Ohio to hear his speeches. McKinley was just six months into his second term when he was assassinated by Leon T. Czolgosz at a public reception in Buffalo , New York . When McKinley was president, the United States fought and won the Spanish-American war. This victory made U.S. a world power. Guam , Hawaii , the Philippines , Puerto Rico, and American Samoa all became states or dependent territories of the United States.

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  詹姆斯·门罗

  美国总统

  5 th President of the Unites States of America from 1817 - 1825. James Monroe was a planter and lawyer. His two homes are named “Ash Lawn” and “Oak Hill”. Monroe was so popular that his two terms where named “The Era of Good Feeling”. During Monroe ’s administration, the states of Mississippi , Illinois , Alabama , Maine , and Missouri were added to the Union to make 24 total states in the United States . While Monroe was president he passed “The Missouri Compromise” which limited the westward expansion of slavery. He purchased Florida from Spain and he gave his name to one of our nation’s most important documents: The Monroe Doctrine. This doctrine stated that the American continents were no longer open to colonization and that there must be no European interference with American nations

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  Richard M. Nixon

  美国总统

  37 th President of the Unites States of America from 1969 - 1974. Through President Richard Nixon disliked much of the press, he had the White House swimming pool filled in, to give reporters more room when covering the White House events. Born in California in 1913, Nixon graduated from Duke University Law School and became a lawyer. Like Lyndon, Nixon served as a Lieutenant Commander during World War II. He was elected to Congress and became a Senator, before being selected Vice President to Eisenhower. Nixon’s first term serving as president was successful. His second term, however, began with a scandal. 5 men were arrested for breaking into the White House headquarters of the National Democratic Committee in the Watergate building. Several men resigned. At first Nixon denied his involvement, but as impeachment proceedings began, he resigned, the only President that did so. While Nixon was President, Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon, U.S. began major withdrawals of troops from Vietnam , the 26 th Amendment was added to the Constitution allowing 18 year olds to vote, and the Supreme Court ruled that women must receive equal pay for equal work.

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  Franklin Pierce

  美国总统

  14 th President of the Unites States of America from 1853 - 1857. Franklin Pierce’s natural good looks and pleasant way with people helped him win easy political victories. An outstanding lawyer, he was elected to the House of Representatives at the age of 29. At the 34 he was elected to the Senate. While president the U.S. Senate made the Gadsden Purchase which acquired land in the South West from Mexico , the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed making slavery possible in large areas in the West. Pierce’s support of this act angered people in Northern States. This along with supporting the rights of new immigrants to the country made him unpopular and weakened the Democratic party, and led to the Republican Party being formed between 1854 and 1856. At Christmas time in 1855, carolers sang “Hark, the Herald Angels Sing” for the first time. The most popular songs of this era were written by Stephen Foster.

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  詹姆斯·K·波尔克

  美国总统

  11 th President of the Unites States of America from 1845 - 1849. Under James K. Polk, the United States achieved its greatest territorial growth. The U.S. flag was raised over most of the area now made up of 9 of our western states. Polk’s successful direction of the Mexican war won the United States most of its territory. Next to George Washington, Polk had the greatest record of successful programs. He carried out every item of his political campaign. His cold, silent, unfriendly, and ungenerous personality didn’t make him a popular president. Before he became president, Polk was a wealthy landowner, farmer, lawyer, and politician. While Polk was in office there was no dancing, no liquor, and no card playing in the White House. This was because of his wife’s strict religious upbringing. During his term in office Brigham Young led the Pioneers to Utah, Gold was discovered in California, the U.S Naval Academy was established in Indianapolis, Maryland, the first postage stamp was issued in the U.S., Elias Howe invented the sewing machine, and the states of Texas, Iowa, and Wisconsin were added to the Union.

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  罗纳德·里根

  美国总统

  40 th President of the Unites States of America from 1981 - 1989. At age 69, Ronald Reagan was the oldest man in history to be elected President. Before entering politics he was a movie actor for nearly 30 years. He appeared in more than 50 movies. When Reagan became president, the nation faced serious foreign and domestic problems. Relations between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. were at the lowest point in years, and at home the country was experiencing high inflation, a recession, and high unemployment numbers. By the end of Reagan’s first term, he had strengthened the country militarily, ended the high inflation, succeeded in lowering the unemployment numbers, and helped the economy make a strong recovery. The country was so pleased with his performance that he was elected for a second term, Reagan won by the greatest amount of electoral votes in history. (525 to 13). Other events during his administration include, the appointment of the first woman (Sandra Day O’Conner) to the Supreme Court, the 1985 bombing of Libya in retaliation for its terrorist attacks, and the 1984 invasion of Grenada to establish political stability there.

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  富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福

  美国总统

  32 nd President of the Unites States of America from 1933 - 1945. Franklin D. Roosevelt served the longest term in the Presidency, being elected 4 times. Roosevelt was a millionaire. He studied law at Columbia University Law School but was not interested enough to stay until graduation. He became a state senator at the age of 27, and assistant Secretary of the Navy at age 31. He was excited by the appointment because by then he had decided to become a politician. Roosevelt led the United States through its hardest Depression. When he took office, 1 in every 4 Americans had no job. Americans were worried about what would happen to them next. In his inaugural address he made his most famous statement, “the only thing we have to fear is fear itself.” At the age of 37 Roosevelt caught polio which left him crippled for the rest of his life. When he was president, World War II took place, the Japanese made the sneak attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii; the Social Security Act was passed which provided for retired workers and unemployed widows, the second Ocean Navy Act was passed, and the 21 st Amendment was added to the Constitution ending prohibition.

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  西奥多·罗斯福

  美国总统

  26 th President of the Unites States of America from 1901 - 1909. Theodore Roosevelt was the youngest president in the U.S. He was the most popular president since Andrew Jackson and was by far, the most athletic and adventurous president the United States ever had. Many people also consider him to be one of the greatest, too. Roosevelt was both a lawyer and a rancher. When the Spanish-American war broke out he resigned his position as Assistant Secretary of the Navy to lead the famous “Rough Riders”. He returned from the war a national hero. Roosevelt ’s motto while president was “Speak softly but Carry a Big Stick.” In accordance with this he fought dishonesty in government and industry. Roosevelt was very interested in conservation. He was once shown in a cartoon holding a bear cub, and since his nickname was Teddy, a toy manufacturer made a stuffed bear and called it a “Teddy Bear” in honor of the President. While Roosevelt was president, the Pure Food and Drug Act was Passed, the 1 st model t Ford went on sale, and Oklahoma became the 46 th state.

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  William H. Taft

  美国总统

  27 th President of the Unites States of America from 1909 - 1913. William Howard Taft is the only man in the history of United States who served as president and then as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Taft did not want to be President; he had little taste for politics. His wife however, was very ambitious and she felt that since he spent 20 years of his career as a lawyer and a judge, he was in a rut and should get into politics. No President was more unhappy in the White House than Taft. When his term ended he stated, “I’m glad to be leaving, this is the most lonesome place in the world.” Taft was the largest president, standing over 6 feet tall and weighing over 300 pounds. When Taft was president, the North Pole was discovered by Admiral Robert E. Peary, the 16 th Amendment to the Constitution was passed which gave Congress the legal power to levy income tax, and the state of New Mexico and Arizona were added to the Union . Taft was the first President to have a government car.

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  Zachary Taylor

  美国总统

  12 th President of the Unites States of America from 1849 - 1850. Zachary Taylor was a professional soldier. He gained fame and became a national hero during the Mexican war. He was much loved and respected by his soldiers who gave him his nickname “Old Rough and Ready”. While Taylor was president arguments over slavery reached a new high. California applied for statehood as a “Free” state. Taylor argued that California be admitted to the union and expressed hope that New Mexico territory be admitted. Before slavery could be settled, Taylor became sick and died. He had gone to lay the cornerstone at Washington Monument on July 4, 1850. It was a very hot day and the ceremonies lasted for hours. Soon after coming back to the White House, the President came down with a fever and died 5 days later. Taylor was the last Whig President. While he was President, the Department of the Interior was created, the overland mail service (Pony Express) begun, and the California gold rush began.

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  Harry S. Truman

  美国总统

  33 rd President of the Unites States of America from 1945 - 1953. For the first 33 years of Harry Truman’s life he was a farmer. When World War II came along he enlisted for the army. After the war, he tried several businesses, all of which failed, so he studied law and then entered politics. He served as a U.S. Senator from Missouri for 10 years. Truman became President while the United States was still at war with Germany and Japan . During his first few weeks in office, Germany surrendered. He than made one of the most difficult decisions made by a president, to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima , Japan . This forced them to surrender, thus ending World War II. Other Events that took place while Truman was in office were the United Nations was organized, the United States entered the Korean War as part of the United Nations force to halt Civil War in the country of Korea, and the 22 nd Amendment was added to the Constitution which limited Presidents to 2 elected terms.

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  约翰·泰勒

  美国总统

  10 th President of the Unites States of America from 1841 - 1845. John Tyler was the first Vice–President to inherit the office of President. His professions were lawyer and planter. His plantation was called “Sherwood Forest”; Tyler was not a well-liked president. He didn’t support the polices of any political party including his own Whig party. While Tyler was president, Kit Carson and John C. Freemont explored as far west as California , the Oregon Trail opened, China opened its ports for open trade, and Samuel Morse invented the telegraph. The 27 th state, Florida , was admitted to the Union .

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  Martin Van Buren

  美国总统

  8 th President of the Unites States of America from 1837 - 1841. Martin Van Buren was the first president born under the United States flag, the previous presidents were born while we were still English colonies. Van Buren was a lawyer (he entered law school at 15). Van Buren was not a popular president. His fondness for elegant and high fashioned clothes made people dislike him, since the country was having a depression and many people were out of work. His enemies gave him the name “Red Fox of Kinderhook”. The most important contributions while Van Buren was President were: Charles Goodyear discovered how to vulcanize rubber in 1839, the first steamship crossed the ocean, and the worlds first postage stamp was issued in England in 1840. No new states were added to the Union.

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  George Washington

  美国总统

  First President of the Unites States of America from 1789 - 1797. He is known as the “Father of our Country”. Washington was the son of a wealthy Virginia plantation owner. When George was 15 years old he became interested in surveying and marketing out new farms in the wilderness. By the time he was 17 he was a professional surveyor, laying out the plans for towns. During the French and Indian war he served in the British army and was made Lieutenant-Colonel at the age of 22. In 1760 Washington inherited Mt. Vernon (a plantation) and spent his time developing it and establishing a large fortune. He was also a member of the Colonial Legislature. When the revolutionary war broke out Washington led armies of the 13 colonies to victory over the British. In 1792 he was elected for a 2 nd term. He refused to serve a 3 rd term and retired at Mt. Vernon . Washington was the only president that didn’t live in the White House. New York and Philadelphia were the national capitols while he was president. Washington helped choose the place where our Nation’s capitol city, Washington D.C, now stands. While he was president the Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution, the first bank was charted by congress, the National Mint for making money was established, the first meeting of the Supreme Court took place. Kentucky , Vermont , and Tennessee were added to make 16 states.

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  伍德罗·威尔逊

  美国总统

  28 th President of the Unites States of America from 1913 - 1921. Woodrow Wilson led the United States through World War I and gained lasting fame as a champion of world peace and democracy. Before he became president he had been a teacher and then President of Princeton University. When Wilson was president, the 1 st air mail service was established in 1918 between New York, Philadelphia, and Washington D.C., airplanes were used for the first time as fighting machines in World War I, the first telephone lines linking New York and San Francisco began operating in 1915, and the first commercial radio broadcasts were made from Detroit and Pittsburgh in 1920. Three amendments were added to the constitution. Number 17 provided for the Election of U.S. Senators by popular vote, number 18 banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages. Number 19 passed in 1920 gave women the right to vote. The Panama Canal begun in 1906 was finished in 1920 and officially opened. In 1920 Wilson was given the Nobel peace prize for his attempt to establish the League of Nations to promote World Peace.

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  Martin Luther King

  Reformer

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  罗莎·帕克斯

  Reformer

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  马尔科姆·X

  Reformer

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  瑟古德·马歇尔

  Reformer

• 巴拉克·奥巴马

  伊利诺伊州参议员在11月4日赢得总统选举,创造了历史。他是第一位赢得白宫大选的非裔美国人。奥巴马的个人魅力、才智和有力的演讲使他在许多美国人中极其受欢迎。他以其变革信息取得了巨大成功。 奥巴马1961年出生在夏威夷,父亲是黑人肯尼亚人,母亲是白人美国人。他的父母离异,母亲与一名印度尼西亚人再婚。巴拉克的家庭在1967年搬到印度尼西亚。他在雅加达的学校读书,直到10岁时返回夏威夷。奥巴马在纽约的哥伦比亚大学主修政治科学和国际关系。 在纽约度过四年后,奥巴马搬到芝加哥。在那里,他从1985年到1988年担任社区项目主任。他进入哈佛法学院,并成为哈佛法律评论的首位黑人主编。奥巴马在芝加哥大学法学院教授法律长达12年。他在1996年成为伊利诺伊州参议员。 奥巴马在2004年当选美国参议院议员。他成为美国历史上第五位非裔美国参议员。他支持有关自然保护、能源、移民和诚信领导的立法。2008年11月,他在一场激烈的竞选战中击败约翰·麦凯恩,成为美国第44任总统。

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  詹姆斯·E·卡特

  美国总统

  39 th President of the United States of America from 1977 - 1981. Jimmy Carter was a successful peanut farmer in Georgia before he entered politics as a Senator in 1962. He had also been an officer in the U.S. Naval Academy. He was the first graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy to become President. In appearance and manner, Carter was calm reserved and soft spoken. His friends knew him as a man of great personal warmth and charm. In politics, he was an able, energetic campaigner with an iron will and a determination to win every fight. While in the Navy, Carter worked with a select group of officers who developed the world’s first nuclear-powered submarine. While Carter was president a treaty was signed with Panama giving them control of the Panama Canal in 1999, Egypt and Israel signed a peace treaty, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, Iranians took over the U.S. Embassy in Tehran and held a group of Americans hostage for 444 days, an accident at Three Mile Island nuclear power plant in Pennsylvania caused concern about the safety of such plants, and the U.S. boycotted the 1980 Olympic Games in Moscow to protest the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. After serving one term Carter failed in his effort to be re-elected and returned to his peanut business in Georgia .

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  乔治·W·布什

  美国总统

  美利坚合众国第43 rd 任总统(2001-2009年) 乔治·W·布什出生于1946年7月6日,地点在康涅狄格州纽黑文。他的父亲是乔治·赫伯特·沃克·布什,美国第41任总统。在成长过程中,乔治很高兴自己是家中的长子。他有三个兄弟和一个妹妹。他于1968年从耶鲁大学毕业。当时,美国深陷越南战争。乔治加入了得克萨斯州国民警卫队,学会了驾驶战斗机。 完成哈佛商学院的学业后,布什于1975年回到得克萨斯州,在米德兰创办了一家石油钻探公司。1977年,布什与米德兰学校图书馆员劳拉·韦尔奇结婚。他们有一对双胞胎女儿,芭芭拉和詹娜。在他的父亲1988年选举胜利后,布什和他的家人定居达拉斯。布什很快尝试了一项新的商业冒险——棒球。他组织了一群投资者将美国棒球大联盟的得克萨斯游骑兵队引入达拉斯。1993年,布什宣布了成为得克萨斯州州长的打算。凭借令人惊讶的胜利,布什成为第一位当选州长的总统后裔。布什在1998年获得了连任。人们说他应该考虑竞选总统。布什迅速获得了共和党的提名。作为总统候选人,他承诺为学校提供更多援助,并访问了100多所教室。 乔治·W·布什输掉了普选票,但赢得了选举人团。他战胜阿尔·戈尔的胜利对共和党有着重大意义。这使该党在经历了8年民主党统治后得以重新控制白宫。

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  贝拉克·H·奥巴马

  美国总统

  贝拉克·H·奥巴马是美利坚合众国第44任总统。 奥巴马总统的父亲来自肯尼亚,母亲来自堪萨斯州,他于1961年8月4日出生在夏威夷。他在祖父和祖母的帮助下长大。他的祖父曾在巴顿的军队中服役,他的祖母从银行的秘书职位逐步晋升到中层管理岗位。 奥巴马总统在奖学金和学生贷款的帮助下完成了大学学业,随后移居芝加哥。在那里,他与一群教堂合作,帮助重建因当地钢铁厂关闭而遭受破坏的社区。 他继续进入法学院深造,成为 哈佛法律评论 的第一位非裔美国总编辑。毕业后,他回到芝加哥,领导选民登记活动,在芝加哥大学教授宪法,并继续积极参与社区事务。 奥巴马总统多年的公共服务生涯基于他对团结人民、围绕目标政治团结一致的坚定信念。在伊利诺伊州议会中,他推行了25年来首次重大伦理改革,为工薪家庭减税,并扩大了对儿童及其父母的医疗保健覆盖范围。作为美国参议员,他跨越党派分歧推动突破性游说改革、锁定世界上最危险的武器,并通过在线发布联邦支出来实现政府透明度。 他于2008年11月4日当选为美利坚合众国第44任总统,并于2009年1月20日宣誓就职。

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  本杰明·富兰克林

  Statesman · 1706–1790

  本杰明·富兰克林是一位外交官、政治家、印刷商和科学家。他发明了双焦点眼镜、富兰克林炉,并进行了电力实验。富兰克林1706年出生于马萨诸塞州波士顿。他很早就表现出了他的聪慧和对阅读与写作的兴趣。不过在十岁时,他被迫离开学校,学习他父亲的蜡烛制造生意。年幼的本杰明讨厌这份工作,两年后成为了他哥哥詹姆斯印刷店的学徒。在印刷店工作五年后,富兰克林离开了他哥哥的店铺,前往纽约。纽约没有工作机会,所以他搬到了费城。费城当时是一个更大的城市。富兰克林成为了一名非常成功的印刷商。财富给了他时间来从事他的发明和兴趣爱好。富兰克林认识到普通壁炉效率低下。他设计了富兰克林炉来更好地利用热量。他的炉子吸入冷空气,加热空气,然后循环输送热空气。这些炉子在美国和欧洲变得非常流行。电力最近在欧洲被发现。富兰克林对此产生了极大的兴趣,花了六年时间尝试发电。富兰克林开始专注于闪电,以及闪电是由电荷引起这一观点。富兰克林建议使用避雷针将电流从建筑物中转向,以防止建筑物着火。通过在风暴中将铁钥匙系在风筝绳上,他能够识别出电荷与莱顿瓶中的电荷相同。这证明了闪电就是电。本杰明·富兰克林在他人生的后期继续追求他的兴趣,并为各个殖民地和美国的创立而努力。富兰克林于1790年在他帮助建立和改善的国家去世

• 亚历山大·汉密尔顿

  政府领导人 · 1755

  亚历山大·汉密尔顿,爱国者,美国第一任财政部长。1755年1月11日生于英属西印度群岛的尼维斯岛。

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  埃德温·劳伦汀·德瑞克

  Entrepreneur · 1819

  埃德温·劳伦汀·德瑞克1819年出生于美国纽约州格林维尔。德瑞克被誉为石油工业的石油企业家。作为一名前铁路车长,他的成功基于他的信念,即钻井是从地下获取石油的最佳方式。他组织了塞内卡石油公司,租赁土地,并于1859年8月27日在宾夕法尼亚州蒂图斯维尔附近深度为69英尺的地方开采到石油。 大多数历史学家将大规模石油工业的开始追溯到这第一次冒险。德瑞克使用一台旧蒸汽机来驱动钻井机。在他的油井开始生产石油后,其他探矿者在附近钻井。石油为许多人和许多国家带来了财富,但没有为德瑞克带来财富。他糟糕的商业头脑最终使他陷入贫困。1876年,宾夕法尼亚州给予他年金,他在那里生活到1877年在宾夕法尼亚州伯利恒去世。 一个为许多人带来巨大财富的产业,最终通过将他的遗体运回蒂图斯维尔并将其安葬在一座装饰着象征性青铜雕塑的精美陵墓中来尊敬他。石油工业通过在德瑞克在他的先驱油井中开采到石油的地点建立一个博物馆和纪念公园来纪念其发源地。

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  Thomas A. Edison

  Inventor · 1847–1931

  Thomas Alva Edison was born in 1847 in Milan, Ohio. Young Tom didn’t do very well in school, so his mother decided to teach him at home. She gave him lots of books to read. Tom was a curious boy. He always wanted to know how things worked. He liked to see if he could make them work better. His mother let him set up a laboratory in the house where he could experiment with things. As a young man, Tom set up a lab of his own, where he could try out his ideas. He invented lots of things in his laboratory. Guess what his favorite invention was? It was the phonograph. Before the phonograph, if you wanted to hear music, you had to play it yourself or go to a concert. Edison’s most famous invention was the light bulb. At the time, people used gas or oil lamps to light their homes. Edison knew it would be cheaper and easier to use electricity. The trouble was, nobody knew how to do it. Edison worked on his idea a long time . He tried lots of things that didn’t work. But he didn’t give up. He kept trying until one day it worked! Today, you can flip a switch and have light any time you want it. Edison also built the first power plant. Edison’s Pearl Street Power Station opened in 1882 in New York City. It sent electricity to 85 customers and made enough power to light 5,000 lamps. Edison also invented the movie camera. When you go to the movies or watch TV, you can thank him for his ideas and hard work. Many of the electric machines you see at home or at school came from his ideas. Inventing things was what Edison liked best. He thought about how things worked. Then he thought about how he could do it better. That is called inspiration. The hard part came next. Edison had to make his ideas work. He tried all kinds of things until he found exactly what would work. He called that perspiration. He said that invention was "one percent inspiration

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  Lewis Latimer

  Inventor · 1848

  Lewis Howard Latimer was born in 1848 in Chelsea, Massachusetts. As a young man, Latimer learned mechanical drawing while working for a Boston patent office. In 1880, he was hired by Hiram Maxim of the U.S. Electric Lighting Company to help develop a commercially viable electric lamp. In 1882, Latimer invented a device for efficiently manufacturing the carbon filaments used in electric lamps and shared a patent for the "Maxim electric lamp". He also patented a threaded wooden socket for light bulbs and supervised the installation of electric streetlights in New York City, Philadelphia, Montreal, and London. In 1884, Latimer became an engineer at the Edison Electric Light Company where he had the distinction of being the only African American member of "Edison’s Pioneers" - Thomas Edison’s team of inventors. While working for Edison, Latimer wrote Incandescent Electric Lighting, the first engineering handbook on lighting systems. Although today’s incandescent light bulbs use filaments made of tungsten rather than carbon, Latimer’s work helped to make possible the widespread use of electric lights.

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  格兰维尔·伍兹

  Inventor · 1856

  格兰维尔·伍兹1856年出生于俄亥俄州哥伦布市,他的技能完全是在工作中学到的。他在哥伦布上学直到10岁,之后在机器店学徒,学习了机械师和铁匠的手艺。在年轻时,他还参加了夜校并接受私人课程教学。虽然他不得不在10岁时离开正规学校,但格兰维尔·伍兹意识到学习和教育对于掌握能让他用机器表达创意的关键技能是必不可少的。 1872年,他在密苏里州丹维尔和南方铁路公司获得了一份消防员的工作,后来成为了工程师。他利用空闲时间研究电子学。1874年,伍兹搬到伊利诺伊州斯普林菲尔德,在一家轧钢厂工作。1878年,他在英国轮船铁血号上找到了一份工作,两年内升为该轮船的总工程师。最后,他的旅行和经历促使他在俄亥俄州辛辛那提市定居,他成为了对铁路现代化改造最有责任的人物。 1888年,伍兹为铁路开发了一套架空电导线系统,这有助于推动芝加哥、圣路易斯和纽约市等城市架空铁路系统的发展。在三十多岁时,他开始对热动力和蒸汽驱动引擎产生了兴趣。1889年,他为改进的蒸汽锅炉炉膛申请了他的第一项专利。1892年,一套完整的电气铁路系统在纽约州科尼岛投入运营。1887年,他获得了同步多路铁路电报的专利,该发明允许从行进中的列车与火车站之间进行通信。伍兹的发明使列车能够与车站和其他列车进行通信,从而准确了解它们在任何时刻的位置。这一发明使列车运行更快,防止了无数事故和碰撞。

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  威廉·斯坦利

  Inventor · 1858

  William Stanley was born in 1858. During his lifetime he was granted 129 patents covering a wide range of electric devices. The most notable of these is the induction coil, a transformer that creates alternating current electricity. In the 1880s every electricity distribution system used direct current (DC). The problem is that DC transmission over long distances is impractical, requires thick wires, is dangerous and could not be used for lighting. On the other hand, alternating current (AC) systems did not have these drawbacks. AC voltage systems could be varied by use of induction coils, but no practical coil system had been invented. Stanley’s patent #349,611 changed all this and became the prototype for all future transformers. Born in Brooklyn, New York, Stanley attended private schools before enrolling at Yale University. He began to study law at age 21 but less than a semester later left school to look for a job in the emerging field of electricity. Stanley’s first job was as an electrician with one of the early manufacturers of telegraph keys and fire alarms. He designed one of the country’s first electrical installations for a store on New York’s Fifth Avenue. After inventor and industrialist George Westinghouse learned of Stanley’s accomplishments, he hired Stanley as his chief engineer at his Pittsburgh factory. It was during this time that Stanley began work on the transformer. After Stanley left Pittsburgh, in 1886 he built the first AC system, providing lighting for offices and stores on the Main Street of Great Barrington, Massachusetts. He made transformers, auxiliary electrical equipment, and electrical appliances. The Stanley Electric Manufacturing Company was purchased by General Electric in 1903.

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  Henry Ford

  Entrepreneur · 1863

  Henry Ford is often incorrectly thought of as the inventor of the automobile. (That distinction belongs to Karl Benz of Germany.) Henry Ford was an innovative man who revolutionized the automobile industry. Ford was born on July 30, 1863 in Dearborn, Michigan. As a child he worked on the family farm. In his spare time, he experimented in the farm’s machine shop. At the age of 17, Ford left the family farm and moved to Detroit where he worked in continued his work in machine shops, specifically with steam engines. In 1882 Henry Ford became a certified machinist and was hired by Westinghouse Company to set up and repair steam engines. In 1891 Ford designed a small engine that burned gasoline. Thomas Edison then offered Henry Ford a job and Ford became the chief engineer for Edison Illuminating Company. Three years later, Ford built a gasoline-powered car known as the "horseless carriage". He quit his job with Edison to pursue interests with cars. Over the next few years, Henry Ford continued to develop his car designs, including the Model A and the Model T. He increased both speed and fuel efficiency. Efficiency was a trademark of Ford. He developed the assembly line to help produce cars quickly and economically. It was Ford’s goal to make cars available to average Americans. During both World War I and World War II, the Ford plant was used in the war effort to build equipment. During the last portion of Henry Ford’s life, he served as chairman of the Ford Foundation, a charitable organization. Henry Ford died on April 7, 1947.

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  罗伯特·戈达德

  Scientist · 1882

  罗伯特·戈达德被公认为现代火箭学之父之一。虽然在他生前没有获得认可,但现在他被认为是一位重要的现代科学家。罗伯特·戈达德于1882年10月5日在马萨诸塞州伍斯特出生。在他年幼时,他就表现出对科学的兴趣和才能。他进行了电力实验。他对烟火产生了迷恋,这是他对火箭兴趣的开端。戈达德在波士顿和伍斯特的公立学校上学。他就读于伍斯特理工学院,这是一所实用工程学校。他定期记录新想法和发明。获得学位后,他在该学院教书,随后在克拉克大学教书。 1920年,戈达德发表了一篇论文,描述了向月球发送无人火箭的计划。他因这个想法被新闻界嘲笑。不过查尔斯·林德伯格对此产生了兴趣,并开始资助戈达德的工作。戈达德将他的业务转移到了新墨西哥州。在这期间,他从事降落伞系统、稳定翼和陀螺仪的工作。虽然他的工作在美国不为人所知,但戈达德的工作在德国受到了重视。在第二次世界大战期间,德国人进一步发展了戈达德的理论。戈达德是一名忠诚的美国人,与美国军方合作创建和制造了火箭筒,这是一种反坦克武器。他与美国海军合作开发了喷气式飞机起飞装置。戈达德于1945年8月10日去世。他去世后,美国专利局认可了戈达德的214项火箭设计专利。当今的火箭都是基于罗伯特·戈达德的设计和理论。

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  Frederick M. Jones

  Inventor · 1892

  Frederick M. Jones was born in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1892. After returning from France after serving in World War I, Mr. Jones worked as a garage mechanic. His mastery of electronic devices was largely self-taught, through work experience and the inventing process. With his experience as a mechanic he developed a self-starting gasoline motor. In the late 1920’s Frederick Jones designed a series of devices for the developing movie industry, which adapted silent movie projectors to use talking movie stock. He also developed an apparatus for the movie box-office that delivers tickets and returns change to customers. Frederick M. Jones was granted more than 40 patents in the field of refrigeration. In 1935 he invented the first automatic refrigeration system for long-haul trucks. The system was, in turn, adapted to a variety of other common carriers, including ships and railway cars. The invention eliminated the problem of food spoilage during long shipping times. The ability to provide fresh produce across the United States during the middle of summer or winter changed the American consumer’s eating habits. Jones’ inspiration for the refrigeration unit was a conversation with a truck driver who had lost a shipment of chickens because the trip took too long and the truck’s storage compartment overheated. Frederick Jones also developed an air-conditioning unit for military field hospitals and a refrigerator for military field kitchens. Frederick Jones received over 60 patents in his career.

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  大卫·克罗思韦特

  Inventor · 1898

  大卫·克罗思韦特于1898年出生在田纳西州纳什维尔。他获得了普渡大学理学学士学位(1913年)和1920年的工程硕士学位。克罗思韦特先生被认为是热传递、通风和空调方面的权威。他是C.A.邓汉公司(位于艾奥瓦州马歇尔镇)的研究工程师和研究实验室主任,任职期间为1925年至1930年。他担任邓汉-布什公司的技术顾问,任职期间为1930年至1971年。他曾任密歇根城市重建的前主席。 克罗思韦特先生负责设计纽约洛克菲勒中心无线电城音乐厅的供暖系统。克罗思韦特先生是一部关于水的加热和冷却以及涉及供暖、通风、制冷和空调系统的指南、标准和规范的手册的作者。大卫·克罗思韦特获得了39项专利,涉及暖通空调动力装置、供暖和通风系统的设计、安装、测试和维修。在1969年从行业退休后,克罗思韦特先生在普渡大学教授了一门关于蒸汽供暖理论和控制系统的课程。

• 路易斯(萨奇莫)阿姆斯特朗

  Musician · 1901

  路易斯(萨奇莫)阿姆斯特朗是爵士乐音乐家,1901年8月4日出生于新奥尔良。

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  J. 罗伯特·奥本海默

  Scientist · 1908–1967

  J. 罗伯特·奥本海默被认为是原子弹之父。他领导的团队设计并制造了第一枚原子弹。奥本海默于1908年出生在纽约。1925年他从哈佛大学毕业。1927年奥本海默从德国哥廷根大学获得博士学位。两年后他成为加州大学伯克利分校的教授,从事理论物理研究。从1943年至1945年,奥本海默领导一支科学家团队设计并制造了第一枚原子弹。在随后的几年里,奥本海默主持了美国原子能委员会(AEC)的顾问委员会。他与美国国防部合作,并在国际上从事原子能控制工作。 1953年,奥本海默对美国的忠诚受到质疑。他反对氢弹并与共产党人有一些联系。这导致了AEC安全小组的调查。他被免除所有指控,但这些指控导致他被拒绝进一步接触机密信息。奥本海默因对理论物理的贡献获得了恩里科·费米奖。J. 罗伯特·奥本海默在生命的最后几年担任了新泽西州普林斯顿高等研究院的主任。他于1967年去世。

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  Louis W. Roberts

  Inventor · 1913

  Louis W. Roberts was born in Jamestown, New York, in 1913. He was educated at Fisk University, where he received a Bachelor of Arts in 1935, and a Master of Science from the University of Michigan in 1937. Roberts served as a research assistant for Standard Oil of New Jersey from 1935 to 1936. He was a graduate assistant from 1936-37 while at the University of Michigan. He served as Instructor of Physics at St. Augustine’s College from 1937-39. Roberts was appointed Professor of Mathematics and Physics at St. Augustine’s College from 1941 to 1943 and Associate Professor of Physics at Howard University, 1943-44. Roberts holds eleven patents for electronic devices and is the author of papers on electromagnetism, optics, and microwaves. Roberts served as Director of Research for Microwave Associates from 1950 to the present. He is also the Director of Energy and Environment at the Transportation System Center in Cambridge, Massachusetts, from 1977 to the present. The Transportation System Center, as part of the U.S. Department of Transportation, develops energy conservation practices for the transportation industries. Currently, transportation accounts for over half of the United States’ consumption of petroleum. However, the Energy Conservation Policy Act requires the transportation sector to reduce fuel consumption in all types of vehicles. During Roberts’ career, he has served as chief of the Optics and Microwave Laboratory in the Electronics Research Center of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. He founded and was president of a microwave company. His research interests focus on microwave and optical techniques and components, plasma research, solid state component and circuit development.

• 罗斯科·L·库茨

  Scientist · 1922

  罗斯科·L·库茨于1922年出生在密苏里州圣路易斯。他从圣路易斯的瓦松高中毕业。他在斯托斯师范学院的大学教育因第二次世界大战期间在美国陆军服役三年而中断。在陆军期间,他通过西弗吉尼亚州立学院的特殊工程前期陆军培训课程接受了技术培训。1946年从陆军退役后,他回到田纳西州立大学,并获得了化学学士学位。 罗斯科·库茨是通过参加1948年在罗切斯特大学赞助的第一个原子能健康物理研究员培训计划,成为最早的正式培训健康物理学家之一。他设计了针孔伽马射线照相机和准直器,并帮助设计和制造自动空气和水采样设备以及辐射活度测量设备。 健康物理在1942年左右成为一门公认的专业。当库茨进入这个领域时,健康物理学家遵循的规则、指导方针和程序很少。早期学生(如库茨)与他们的导师一起,创造了当今许多保护人们免受电离辐射危害的实践、仪器和技术。

• Rufus Stokes

  Inventor · 1924

  Rufus Stokes was born in Alabama in 1924. He later moved to Illinois, where he worked as a machinist for an incinerator company. In 1968, he was granted a patent on an air-purification device to reduce the gas and ash emissions of furnace and powerplant smokestack emissions. The filtered output from the stacks became almost transparent. Stokes tested and demonstrated several models of stack filters, termed the "clean air machine", in Chicago and elsewhere to show its versatility. The system benefited the respiratory health of people, but also eased the health risksto plants and animals. A side-effect of reduced industrial stack emissions was the improved appearance and durability of buildings, cars, and objects exposed to outdoor pollution for lengthy periods.

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  梅雷迪思·C·古迪恩

  Inventor · 1929

  梅雷迪思·C·古迪恩1929年出生于新泽西州纽瓦克。他于1953年获得康奈尔大学工程物理学学士学位,于1960年获得加州理工学院工程物理学博士学位。古迪恩博士开创了电气动力学的研究工作。他负责开发了称为Incineraid的工程技术,用于帮助清除建筑物内的烟雾。他在气体扩散方面的工作开发了从机场跑道驱散雾气的技术。 古迪恩博士从1957年至1958年在拉莫-伍尔德里奇公司的技术部门任职。随后,他从1958年至1960年担任加州理工学院喷气推进实验室的高级研究科学家。他从1960年至1962年担任等离子体动力公司实验室主任,从1962年至1964年担任柯蒂斯-赖特公司首席科学家。古迪恩博士在新泽西州利文斯顿创立了一个研究实验室——古迪恩实验室,拥有150多名员工。古迪恩博士因其工作获得了多项气体动力产品专利。他获得了第5,548,907号专利,该专利涉及一种在流体和表面之间传递热量、质量和动量的方法和装置。古迪恩博士担任过德克萨斯州休斯顿能源创新公司的总裁。

• 尼尔·奥尔登·阿姆斯特朗

  Explorer · 1930

  尼尔·奥尔登·阿姆斯特朗出生于1930年8月5日。1969年7月20日,尼尔·阿姆斯特朗成为第一个踏上月球的人类。

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  小乔治·爱德华·阿尔科恩

  Scientist · 1940

  小乔治·爱德华·阿尔科恩生于1940年。他获得了洛杉矶西方学院的四年学术奖学金,并以物理学学士学位毕业。他以荣誉毕业,同时在篮球和足球中获得了八封信。乔治·阿尔科恩在1963年从霍华德大学获得核物理硕士学位,历时九个月的学习。在1962年和1963年的夏季,乔治·阿尔科恩在北美洛克韦尔公司航天部门担任研究工程师。他参与了洛克韦尔导弹(包括泰坦I和II、土星IV和诺瓦)的发射轨迹和轨道力学的计算机分析工作。 1967年,乔治·阿尔科恩从霍华德大学获得原子与分子物理博士学位。在1965-67年期间,阿尔科恩在美国航天局赞助的拨款下进行了负离子形成的研究。阿尔科恩博士在美国和欧洲持有八项半导体技术专利,其中之一是一种制造成像X射线分光仪的方法。他的研究领域包括:为氨基酸检测调整化学电离质量分析仪,以及为行星生命检测开发其他实验方法；涉及导弹再入和导弹防御的机密研究；空间仪器的设计和制造、大气污染物传感器、磁性质量分析仪、质量分析仪；以及磁体设计新概念的开发和新型X射线分光仪的发明。