奥地利的人民与社会

国籍

名词：奥地利人 形容词：奥地利的

民族

奥地利人占80.8%，德国人占2.6%，波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那人占1.9%，土耳其人占1.8%，塞尔维亚人占1.6%，罗马尼亚人占1.3%，其他占10%

人口

9,132,383

人口（男性/女性）

男性：4,392,898 女性：4,575,084

人口分布

该国北部和东部人口较为密集；近三分之二的居民居住在城市地区。

城市人口

urban population: 59.5% of total population rate of urbanization: 0.68% annual rate of change

主要城市人口

1,975,000人 维也纳（首都）

年龄结构

0-14岁：14.1%（男性648,639人/女性616,334人） 15-64岁：64.7%（男性2,904,587人/女性2,898,339人） 65岁及以上：21.2%（男性839,672人/女性1,060,411人）

中位年龄

总计：44.9岁 男性：43.6岁 女性：46.3岁

出生时预期寿命

总人口：82.1岁 男性：79.5岁 女性：84.6岁

婴儿死亡率

总计：3.0例死亡/1,000例活产 男性：3.3例死亡/1,000例活产 女性：2.6例死亡/1,000例活产

饮用水水源

improved: urban: 100% of population rural: 100% of population total: 100% of population

卫生设施获取

improved: urban: 100% of population rural: 100% of population total: 100% of population

烟草使用

总计：26.4% 男性：27.7% 女性：25%

酒精消费

总计：11.9升纯酒精 啤酒：6.3升纯酒精 葡萄酒：3.7升纯酒精 烈酒：1.9升纯酒精 其他酒精饮料：0升纯酒精

识字率定义

15岁及以上的人口能够读写

学校教育年限总计

总计：16年 男性：16年 女性：16年

• Roman Catholic74.0%
• other17.0%
• Protestant5.0%
• Muslim4.0%

德语（全国官方语言）、斯洛文尼亚语（克恩顿州官方语言）、克罗地亚语（布尔根兰州官方语言）、匈牙利语（布尔根兰州官方语言）

• Croatian
• German
• Hungarian
• Slovene

• 沃尔夫冈·阿玛迪乌斯·莫扎特

  Composer · 1756

  沃尔夫冈·阿玛迪乌斯·莫扎特是奥地利作曲家,1756年1月27日出生于奥地利萨尔茨堡。

• 弗朗茨·彼得·舒伯特

  Composer · 1797

  弗朗茨·彼得·舒伯特,奥地利作曲家,1797年1月31日出生于奥地利维也纳。

• 弗朗茨·约瑟夫·海顿

  Composer · 1797

  弗朗茨·约瑟夫·海顿是奥地利作曲家,1797年3月31日出生于奥地利罗劳。

• 约翰·施特劳斯

  Composer · 1804

  约翰·施特劳斯是奥地利作曲家,1804年3月14日出生于维也纳。

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  Nikola Tesla

  Inventor · 1856

  Nikola Tesla was born in 1856 in Austria-Hungary and emigrated to the U.S. in 1884 as a physicist. He pioneered the generation, transmission, and use of alternating current (AC) electricity, which can be transmitted over much greater distances than direct current. Tesla patented a device to induce electrical current in a piece of iron (a rotor) spinning between two electrified coils of wire. This rotating magnetic field device generates AC current when it is made to rotate by using some form mechanical energy, like steam or hydropower. When the generated current reaches its user and is fed into another rotating magnetic field device, this second device becomes an AC induction motor that produces mechanical energy. Induction motors run household appliances like clothes washers and dryers. Development of these devices led to widespread industrial and manufacturing uses for electricity. The induction motor was only part of Tesla’s overall conception. In a series of history-making patents, he demonstrated a polyphase alternating-current system, consisting of a generator, transformers, transmission layout, and motor and lights. From the power source to the power user, it provided the basic elements for electrical production and utilization. Our AC power system remains essentially unchanged today. In 1888, George Westinghouse, head of the Westinghouse Electric Company, bought the patent rights to Tesla’s system of dynamos, transformers and motors. Westinghouse used Tesla’s alternating current system to light the World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago. Then in 1896, Tesla’s system was used at Niagara Falls in the world’s first large hydroelectric plant. The Tesla coil, invented in 1891, is still used in radio and television sets, car starters, and a wide variety of electronic equipment. Tesla’s work with radio-frequency waves laid the foundation for today’s radio. He experimented with wireless transmission of electrical power, and received 112 patents for devices ranging from speedometers to extremely efficient electrical generators to a bladeless turbine still in use today. He suggested that it was possible to use radio waves to detect ships (later developed as RADAR), and his work with special gas-filled lamps set the stage for the creation of fluorescent lighting. Tesla was Thomas Edison’s rival at the end of the 19th century - in fact, he was more famous than Edison throughout the 1890’s. His invention of polyphase AC electric power earned him worldwide fame but not fortune. At his zenith his circle of friends included poets and scientists, industrialists and financiers. Yet Tesla died alone and almost penniless in a New York hotel room in 1943. During his life, Tesla created a legacy of genuine invention that still fascinates today. After his death, the world honored him by naming the unit of magnetic flux density the "tesla."

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  迈克尔·普平

  Inventor · 1858

  迈克尔·普平是美国物理学家和发明家,1858年出生于奥地利-匈牙利。他于1874年移居美国,1883年从哥伦比亚大学物理系毕业,1889年获得柏林大学博士学位。普平在哥伦比亚大学任教40多年,其中30年担任电机学教授。 普平通过在长距离线路上定期插入线圈,改进了长距离电话和电报传输的质量；他发现被X射线击中的物质会被刺激辐射其他X射线(二次辐射),并发明了电谐振器。他获得了34项发明专利,并因其自传《从移民到发明家》在1924年获得普利策奖。

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  莉泽·迈特纳

  Scientist · 1878

  Lise Meitner was born in Austria in 1878. As a young girl, she had a love for mathematics and physics, and adopted Madame Curie and Florence Nightingale as her heroines. After private schooling, she entered the University of Vienna and received her doctorate in physics in 1906. She had to get used to being the only woman in a room full of one hundred students. She worked at the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institute with radiochemist, Otto Hahn. They discovered the element protactinium and studied the effects of neutron bombardment on uranium. Meitner became joint director of the institute and was appointed head of the Physics Department in 1917. After leaving Nazi Germany in 1938, she found a post at the Nobel Physical Institute in Stockholm. She continued her research there, and, together with her nephew Otto Frisch, realized that they had split the uranium nucleus. They called the process "fission." During the war, she refused to work on the atomic bomb. In 1947, a laboratory was established for her by the Swedish Atomic Energy Commission, and she worked on an experimental nuclear reactor.

犯罪信息

奥地利是欧洲犯罪率最低的国家之一，暴力犯罪十分罕见。然而，涉及个人财物失窃的犯罪事件确实存在。因此，大多数涉及美国公民的犯罪都是机会性犯罪，主要表现为个人物品被盗。游客也是扒手的作案目标，这些扒手通常在旅游者聚集的地方活动。此类犯罪事件最常见的地点包括维也纳的两大火车站、圣斯蒂芬大教堂周围的广场，以及附近的步行购物区（位于维也纳第一区）。 美国大使馆收到多起关于公共交通线路上发生盗窃和扒窃事件的报告，尤其是在进出市中心的线路上。请妥善保管个人物品，在乘坐公共交通工具时以及在咖啡馆和旅游景区等公共场所时，务必时刻保持警惕。 请勿购买仿冒品和盗版商品，即使这些商品随处可见。这些盗版商品不仅在带回美国时属于违法行为，购买此类商品也可能违反当地法律。