术语表

CountryReports 中使用的术语定义。

本术语表包含 CountryReports 中使用的 1,144 个术语——国家概况和文章中引用的政治、经济、文化、历史和地理术语。术语来自包括美国国会图书馆在内的权威来源。

Cultural Revolution: A slogan introduced by Mao Zedong in 1940, noted again by Liu Shaoqi in 1958, and used more frequently in connection with leftist attacks on the ""cultural front"" in late 1965 and early 1966. The expression was used to denote the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, a political campaign officially inaugurated in August 1966 to rekindle revolutionary fervor of the masses outside formal party organizations. The Cultural Revolution decade (1966-76) can be divided into three periods: 1966-69, from the militant Red Guard (q.v.) phase to the Ninth National Party Congress; 1969- 71, the period of the zenith and demise of Lin Biao; and 1971-76, the period of Mao’s declining health and the ascendancy of the Gang of Four (q.v.). At the August 1977 Eleventh National Party Congress, the Cultural Revolution was declared officially to have ended with the arrest in October 1976 of the Gang of Four.
民主集中制: 一种制度,通过该制度人民影响政府的政策,党员影响党的政策；同时政府和党保持集中的行政权力以执行其选民要求的政策。在代表机构和行政机构内,少数服从多数,下级机构必须服从上级组织的命令。这一概念源自苏联共产党的组织原则,早在1928年就被毛泽东所倡导。
四项基本原则: 社会主义、无产阶级专政、党的领导和马克思列宁主义毛泽东思想。自1979年以来在中国流行。
大跃进: 在苏联援助中断和渴望赶上世界先进国家的背景下,为增加工业和农业产量而发起的运动。这一运动由毛泽东在1957年末构想,经国家人民代表大会(见条目)在1958年采纳,持续至1960年。运动强调加快农业集体化、国家自给自足和劳动密集型方法。该运动导致了资源的大量浪费,并在一定程度上造成了1960年和1961年的饥荒。
Long March: The 12,500-kilometer-long trek made by the Red Army in the face of the Guomindang’s ""annihilation campaigns."" Began in October 1934 in Jiangxi Province and ended in October 1935 in Shaanxi Province. Some 100,000 persons left the communist base area in Jiangxi but only about 28,000 arrived in Yan’an, Chinese Communist Party headquarters for the next decade. It was during the Long March that Mao Zedong gained his preeminent role in the party.
毛泽东思想: 毛泽东的言论和著作,在其1976年去世前曾是国家意识形态的主要来源,此后经历了谨慎但批判性的重新评估。到1980年,该术语的含义已扩展到包括所有主要党的领导人的集体思想。