术语表

CountryReports 中使用的术语定义。

本术语表包含 CountryReports 中使用的 1,144 个术语——国家概况和文章中引用的政治、经济、文化、历史和地理术语。术语来自包括美国国会图书馆在内的权威来源。

中美洲: 这里采用地理学意义上的定义。中美洲被认为是墨西哥和哥伦比亚之间的整个地峡,包括现今的伯利兹、危地马拉、洪都拉斯、萨尔瓦多、尼加拉瓜、哥斯达黎加和巴拿马。更为传统的政治学术语定义(在该地区本身最常使用)是中美洲仅包括中美洲联合省(1821-38)的五个继承国:危地马拉、洪都拉斯、萨尔瓦多、尼加拉瓜和哥斯达黎加。
中美洲共同市场(CACM): 中美洲共同市场由中美洲国家组织根据1960年12月15日在尼加拉瓜首都马那瓜签署的《中美洲经济一体化总条约》建立。其成员包括哥斯达黎加、萨尔瓦多、危地马拉、洪都拉斯和尼加拉瓜。其最初目标包括建立中美洲地区自由贸易区、关税同盟以及协调成员国工业化努力。在1969年萨尔瓜战争后,该组织的努力受到阻碍,当时洪都拉斯对中美洲共同市场产品重新征收进口关税。尽管该组织继续存在,但自1970年以来,大多数地区内经济关系都是在双边基础上处理的。
Contadora: A diplomatic initiative launched by a January 1983 meeting on Contadora Island off the Pacific coast of Panama, by which the ""Core Four"" mediator countries of Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia, and Panama sought to prevent through negotiations a regional conflagration among the Central American states of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. In September 1984, the negotiating process produced a draft treaty, the Contadora Acta, which was judged acceptable by the government of Nicaragua but rejected by the other four Central American states concerned. The governments of Peru, Uruguay, Argentina, and Brazil formed the Contadora Support Group in 1985 in an effort to revitalize the faltering talks. The process was suspended unofficially in June 1986 when the Central American governments refused to sign a revised Acta. The Contadora process was effectively superseded by direct negotiations among the Central American states.
Contadora peace process: A diplomatic initiative launched by a January 1983 meeting on Contadora Island off the Pacific coast of Panama, by which the ""Core Four"" mediator countries of Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia, and Panama sought to prevent through negotiations a regional conflagration among the Central American states of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. In September 1984 the negotiating process produced a draft treaty, the Contadora Acta, which was judged acceptable by the government of Nicaragua but rejected by the other four Central American states concerned. The governments of Peru, Uruguay, Argentina, and Brazil formed a Contadora Support Group in 1985 in an effort to revitalize the faltering talks. The process was suspended unofficially in June 1986 when the Central American governments refused to sign a revised Acta. The Contadora process was effectively superceded by direct negotiations among the Central American states.
Contadora Support Group: A diplomatic initiative launched by a January 1983 meeting on Contadora Island off the Pacific coast of Panama, by which the ""Core Four"" mediator countries of Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia, and Panama sought to prevent through negotiations a regional conflagration among the Central American states of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. In September 1984, the negotiating process produced a draft treaty, the Contadora Act, which was judged acceptable by the government of Nicaragua but rejected by the other four Central American states concerned. The governments of Peru, Uruguay, Argentina, and Brazil formed the Contadora Support Group in 1985 in an effort to revitalize the faltering talks. The process was suspended unofficially in June 1986 when the Central American governments refused to sign a revised treaty. The Contadora process was effectively superseded by direct negotiations among the Central American states.
八国集团: 一个永久性协商和政治协调机制,于1986年12月取代了孔塔多拉支持小组(见相关词条)。其成员包括阿根廷、巴西、哥伦比亚、墨西哥、巴拿马、秘鲁、乌拉圭和委内瑞拉。第二次会议于1988年10月在乌拉圭蒙得维的亚附近的埃斯特角举行,由七个成员国的总统出席(巴拿马的成员资格于1988年2月被暂时暂停)。与孔塔多拉支持小组一样,八国集团提倡民主制度和通过谈判解决中美洲叛乱问题。该组织的名称于1990年改为里约集团,1992年共有11个成员。在总统阿尔贝托·K·藤森于1992年4月6日发动自我政变后,秘鲁被暂停里约集团成员资格,但于1993年4月正式恢复成员资格。
里约集团: 一个常设的协商和政治协调机制,于1986年12月接替康塔多拉支持小组而成立。成员国包括阿根廷、巴西、哥伦比亚、墨西哥、巴拿马、秘鲁、乌拉圭和委内瑞拉。其第二次会议由七个成员国的总统出席(巴拿马的成员资格于1988年2月暂时被中止),于1988年10月在乌拉圭蓬塔德尔埃斯特举行。与康塔多拉支持小组一样,八国集团主张民主制度和通过谈判解决中美洲叛乱问题。其名称于1990年改为里约集团,1993年有十一个成员国。除智利外,其他成员还包括玻利维亚、厄瓜多尔和巴拉圭。其第七次首脑会议于1993年10月15日至16日在圣地亚哥举行。
圣何塞协议: 墨西哥和委内瑞拉之间的一项协议,1980年在哥斯达黎加圣何塞签署,两个石油生产国承诺以优惠条款向十个中美洲和加勒比国家供应原油。