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Iceland

Island

Capital:Reykjavik
Population:376,248
Currency:Euro (EUR)
Language:Icelandic, English, Nordic languages, German widely spoken
Jokulsarlon V ice flow, Iceland

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Quick Look Factsheet

A multi-page overview of Iceland.

Iceland Factsheet

Customs and Culture

Cultural Attributes

Icelanders wait impatiently for the first sign of spring. Newspapers run front-page stories about the first sightings of the golden plover bird, a popular symbol of spring. Many villages celebrate the return of the sun in March with "sunshine coffee" parties.  The changing weather may be a frequent topic of conversation and jokes among Icelanders.  In summer Icelanders stay up late and spend as much time outside as they can. Visitors often say that Icelanders remind them of Hibernating bears because they sleep a lot in the winter, then stay up late and play all summer. No matter what the weather, Icelanders always manage to make do with a smile.Iceland was formed by volcanic eruptions, because of all this underground heat, Icelanders have an unending supply of hot water.

In the 1930s they began using the geothermal water to heat their homes and swimming pools. Nearly every community has its own outdoor geothermal swimming pool and more than 50 percent of the homes are heated geothermally. Iceland is a close-knit society due to the smallness of Iceland's population. A result of this small and close-knit society is that Icelanders usually have a personal stake in the news because there is a reasonable possibility that you will know personally anyone who is in the news.  This also gives a sense of a caring society. It can also give a sense of subtle control since it is almost impossible to do anything without the deed being found out and discussed by one's peers. In Iceland literally everyone is on first name terms.  There are only two exceptions where titles are used:  the president and the bishop of Iceland.

Icelanders have a very strong work ethic. Children as young as 12 begin working during the summer.  Icelanders have a strong sense of self-sufficiency due long winters and remote location of their island. Most Icelanders love children. Many children are born out of wedlock but most young couples get married after having their first child. Childrearing duties usually fall on the mothers because the fathers generally work long hours. Icelanders are exceptionally well educated. Many Icelanders are also fluent in Danish and English. Iceland has the highest concentration or bookstores per capita in the world. Iceland has a great health care system and the infant mortality rate is one of the lowest in the world.

Certain minimum guarantees for public welfare are provided for in the Constitution of Iceland. Articles 70 and 71 read: "Whoever is unable to provide for himself or his dependents shall, subject to duties prescribed by law, be entitled to support from public funds, unless his maintenance rests upon others .... If parents cannot afford to educate their children, of if the children are orphaned or destitute, their education and maintenance must be defrayed from public funds.

Jokulsarlon V ice flow, Iceland

Fire and Ice, Land of the Midnight Sun

Get More Customs and Culture

6 more cultural topics for members

Social Customs & Etiquette · Diet · Family · Dating Customs · Recreation · Student Life

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Holidays

  • Independence Day

    6/17

    Independence Day

  • Christmas

    12/25

    Christmas

    Christmas traditions are a blend of Christianity and those of the winter festival Jól (Yule) honoring the return of the sun at the winter solstice. Children enjoy a two to three week vacation from school which begins after “Little Christmas”, a day at school where children light candles, sing carols and read holiday stories. Families prepare for Christmas by cleaning their homes and baking spiced cookies for guests. Christmas trees are imported and are decorate them on December 23rd, a day which commemorates the death of a native saint Thorlakur Thorhallson, bishop of Skalhotd in the 11th century. Tree decorations include miniature Icelandic Flags and a star or crown for a tree topper. Families do not light the Christmas tree until 6 p.m. on Adfangadagur (Christmas Eve). At that time the national broadcast of the ringing of the bells at the Lutheran Cathedral in Reykjavik official heralds Christmas. Putting candles on the graves of ancestors on Christmas Eve is also a common tradition.

    The Christmas Eve meal consists of smoked lamb, pork, beef, chicken, grouse, porridge and rice pudding containing one almond in the batch. The person who receives this almond in their serving will have a successful year. Fish and liquor are absent from this meal. Afterwards, children open their gifts brought by the 12 jólasveinarnir (Christmas Lads). A new article of clothing remains a traditional gift as is a book or some other useful item.

    Jóladagur (Christmas Day) and Annar Jóladagur (Second Day of Christmas) are spent in feasting and enjoying family time. The New Year is greeted with fireworks and parties. Drinking is also acceptable on New Year’s Eve.

Dates of Interest

  • December 31st

    Thorrablot recalls Icelandersâ?? Viking history with naturally preserved winter foods and drink. ThorrablÃ?t is a time to celebrate the fact that a family had enough food to last until spring.

How do people greet each other in Iceland?

Icelanders greet with phrases like "Good Morning," "Good day," or "Halló" (hello), typically accompanied by a handshake.

Do

  • Use a handshake when greeting
  • Address people by their first name

Good to know

  • Icelanders are very proud of their language, which descends from the ancient Vikings
  • Everyone is on first-name terms, with the only titled exceptions being the president and the bishop of Iceland

What is the food and dining culture like in Iceland?

Fish is very popular, and Icelandic cuisine also features dishes like skyr (a yogurt-like dish) and delicate pancakes called pönnukökur, while most produce is imported or greenhouse-grown due to the short growing season.

Good to know

  • Try skyr, made from skim milk and a bacteria culture, which can be eaten at any meal
  • Pönnukökur are thin pancakes dusted with brown sugar or jam, or folded with whipped cream
  • During the Þorrablót festival (first Friday after January 19th), traditional Viking-era preserved foods are served, such as hákarl (petrified shark meat), blóðmör (blood pudding), pickled ram's testicles, jellied sheep's head, and smoked lamb
  • Broiled puffin, whale blubber, whale steaks, and seal meat are available from time to time

What social etiquette should I know in Iceland?

Icelanders are casual in their visiting, rarely send formal invitations, and tend to socialize late—especially on weekends.

Do

  • Expect casual, informal socializing
  • Gather at someone's home before heading downtown

Don’t

  • Don't turn up downtown before midnight—it's considered unfashionable
  • Don't expect strict punctuality, as Icelanders' busy lifestyles often make them late for appointments

Good to know

  • On Friday nights, friends congregate at a home around 9 PM before going downtown around midnight; bars close at 3 AM
  • In winter, most socializing is done in the home due to the cold
  • In this small, close-knit society, deeds are easily found out and discussed among peers

How should I dress in Iceland?

Icelanders consider themselves stylish and favor clothing from the US, the UK, and Europe, but warm clothing is required for most of the year due to the cold.

Do

  • Bring warm clothing for most of the year
  • Dress up for special occasions

Good to know

  • Teens usually wear baggy jeans and comfortable shirts, dressing up only for special occasions
  • Beauty pageants and modeling contests are extremely popular

What is family life like in Iceland?

Icelanders rate family as more important than social life, possessions, or work, and use a patronymic naming system based on the father's (or sometimes mother's) first name.

Good to know

  • Surnames are formed by adding -son (son) or -dóttir (daughter) to a parent's first name, e.g., Pétursdóttir
  • Because there are hardly any family names, people call each other by their first name
  • Many couples live together and may have their first child before marrying, often waiting until they can afford their own home
  • Weddings usually take place in a church, and children may act as flower-bearers or assistants

What do people do for recreation in Iceland?

Handball and soccer are the two most popular sports, and Icelanders also enjoy hiking, horseback riding, chess, bridge, and swimming in geothermally heated pools.

Good to know

  • Try glíma, a traditional Icelandic wrestling similar to sumo, where wrestlers grab harnesses on the thighs and hips
  • Hiking is a favorite way to see the scenery, with cross-country skiing as a winter alternative
  • Nearly every community has its own outdoor geothermally heated swimming pool
  • Boxing is banned in Iceland
  • Fishing for trout and salmon is popular, though licenses can be expensive; the Akureyri Golf Club hosts the Arctic Open in late June

Last updated: 2026-07-12 · Sources: CountryReports

Photos of Iceland

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Travel and Tourism

Travel Alert Status
Level 1: Exercise Normal Precautions
Currency
Icelandic krona (ISK)
Time Difference
UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Climate
Despite its location close to the Arctic Circle, Reykjavik's climate is similar to that of the northwestern U.S., although cooler and windier. The Gulf Stream helps keep the annual mean temperature at 40°F. Changes between summer and winter are not extreme. It is rarely very cold in winter or warm in summer. Winter temperatures below 20°F are unusual, as are summer temperatures above 60°F. The wind blows year round, however, and a wind chill factor between -15°F and 10°F is common in winter. Cooler weather lasts from October through April. Snow may fall in Reykjavik as early as September and as late as June, but the normal season is between October or November and March or April. Even in midwinter, rain is as likely as snow. A large accumulation of snow is rare. Average annual rainfall is 31 inches in Reykjavik. During winter and spring, winds in the capital can reach hurricane force. Iceland is so far north that the amount of daylight varies considerably throughout the year. An average daily gain of 6 minutes of daylight follows the winter solstice on December 21, and a daily loss of 6 minutes follows the summer solstice on June 21. December and January days have only about 4 hours of daylight; in February the days rapidly begin to lengthen; and by April they are as long as at midsummer in the U.S. From late May to late July, there is no darkness at all-20 hours of sun (or clouds) and 4 hours of twilight. Following this period of "white nights," the sun slowly retreats, and by October the days begin to shorten as rapidly as they lengthened in the spring. Earthquakes are common in Iceland, but are rarely felt in Reykjavik. Volcanic activity is infrequent but rather spectacular when an eruption does occur. The underwater volcano that created the new island of Surtsey in the Westmann Islands off the south coast began erupting in November 1963 and remained active through mid-1967. In January 1973, a volcanic eruption on Heimaey Island in the Westmann Islands forced the evacuation of all 5,000 residents and destroyed more than 300 homes and buildings. In the Krafla area, near Lake Myvatn, an eruption took place in December 1975, lasting several days; this area subsequently has seen seven lesser eruptions, and further volcanic activity is expected there. The most famous of Iceland's volcanoes, Mt. Hekla, which had been expected to remain dormant for a 100 years or so after its spectacular 1947 eruption, produced eruptions in August 1980, April 1981, and January 1991. A volcano under the Glacier Vatnajokull erupted in November 1996, melting tons of ice and creating destructive flooding.
Airports
100
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Recipes

Featured Dish

Potatoes Browned in Sugar

Side Dish

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History

Historical Eras

  1. Settlement & Commonwealth

    870 – 1262

    Norwegian and Celtic settlers, led by figures such as Ingólfur Árnarson, colonized Iceland between 870 and 930, after which the Althing — the world's oldest functioning parliament — was established at Þingvellir in 930. Christianity was peacefully adopted in 1000, and the 12th and 13th centuries became a golden age of literature, producing the sagas and eddas compiled by poet-historian Snorri Sturluson. Icelanders also led the European discovery of Greenland and North America during this era.

  2. Norwegian & Danish Rule

    1262 – 1874

    Internal civil strife forced Iceland to submit to the Norwegian crown in 1262–64; when Norway joined the Kalmar Union in 1397, Iceland passed to Danish sovereignty. Danish rule brought the Reformation in 1551, a suffocating trade monopoly, absolute monarchy in 1662, and the dissolution of the Althing in 1800, reducing Iceland to a wholly administered colony. The Black Death of 1402–04 and catastrophic volcanic eruptions in 1783 further devastated the population and economy.

  3. Reform & Home Rule

    1874 – 1918

    A rising nationalist movement secured the reinstatement of the Althing as a consultative assembly in 1843, and Iceland received its first constitution along with control over domestic finances from the Danish crown in 1874. Full home rule followed in 1904, and women gained the right to vote in national elections in 1917. The Act of Union of 1918 granted Iceland sovereignty as a separate kingdom in personal union with Denmark under the Danish crown.

  4. Occupation & Republic

    1918 – 1944

    Though nominally sovereign after 1918, Iceland remained tied to Denmark until the German occupation of Denmark in 1940 prompted British forces to occupy Iceland preemptively, safeguarding the strategically vital North Atlantic island. American troops replaced the British in 1941 under a bilateral agreement. On 17 June 1944, Icelanders formally dissolved the union with Denmark and proclaimed the independent Republic of Iceland at Þingvellir.

  5. Modern Republic

    1944 – present

    As a founding member of NATO in 1949 and a participant in the Marshall Plan, Iceland aligned firmly with the Western bloc and hosted a strategically important U.S. air base at Keflavík until 2006. The economy modernized rapidly around fishing, geothermal energy, and — briefly and disastrously — international banking, which collapsed spectacularly in the 2008 financial crisis. Iceland today ranks among the world's leaders in literacy, longevity, gender equality, and human development.

Overview

The first people known to have inhabitated Iceland were Irish monks or hermits who came in the eighth century, but left with the arrival of the pagan Norsemen, who systematically settled Iceland in the period 870 - 930 A.D. Ingolfur Arnason fled from Norway, and his followers settled in Iceland about A.D. 870. He was a chieftain from Norway, arriving in Iceland with his family and dependents in 874.

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Timeline of Key Events

  1. 874

    The Scandinavian Vikings established settlements in Iceland

    The Scandinavian Vikings established settlements in Iceland.

  2. 930

    The Althing established

    An annual parliament,the Althing, established, to make laws and solve disputes.

  3. 986

    Erik the Red established his 1st settlement on Greenland.

    Erik the Red takes settlers from Iceland and established his 1st settlement on Greenland.

  4. 1000

    Iceland adopts Christianity.

    Iceland adopts Christianity.

  5. 1262

    Icelanders recognize the King of Norway as their monarch.

    After a long and bloody conflict between the various families and clans, Icelanders recognize the King of Norway as their monarch.

  6. 1380

    Norway and Iceland come under Denmark’s control.

    Norway and Iceland come under Denmark’s control.

  7. 1402 – 1404

    The Black Death plague devastates Iceland.

    The Black Death plague devastates Iceland.

View full timeline (25 events)
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Interesting Facts

  • When a child loses a tooth they put their tooth under their pillow at night and wait for the tooth fairy to come.

  • In 1996 a volcanic eruption beneath Vatnajokull caused a glacier outburst flood (jokulhlaup).

  • The last name of Icelanders is derived from their father's first name.

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Geography and Environment

Iceland, the second largest island in Europe (39,706 square miles. Three-quarters of the country is a wilderness of deserts, lava fields, glaciers, and extinct volcanoes. This lunar landscape serve as a training ground for American astronauts preparing for the first moon landings. A distinct beauty is found here in the treeless landscape. The combination of crystal clear air and brilliant sunshine creates vistas that can only be described as breathtaking.
Terrain
mostly plateau interspersed with mountain peaks, icefields; coast deeply indented by bays and fiords
Climate
Despite its location close to the Arctic Circle, Reykjavik's climate is similar to that of the northwestern U.S., although cooler and windier. The Gulf Stream helps keep the annual mean temperature at 40°F. Changes between summer and winter are not extreme. It is rarely very cold in winter or warm in summer. Winter temperatures below 20°F are unusual, as are summer temperatures above 60°F. The wind blows year round, however, and a wind chill factor between -15°F and 10°F is common in winter. Cooler weather lasts from October through April. Snow may fall in Reykjavik as early as September and as late as June, but the normal season is between October or November and March or April. Even in midwinter, rain is as likely as snow. A large accumulation of snow is rare. Average annual rainfall is 31 inches in Reykjavik. During winter and spring, winds in the capital can reach hurricane force. Iceland is so far north that the amount of daylight varies considerably throughout the year. An average daily gain of 6 minutes of daylight follows the winter solstice on December 21, and a daily loss of 6 minutes follows the summer solstice on June 21. December and January days have only about 4 hours of daylight; in February the days rapidly begin to lengthen; and by April they are as long as at midsummer in the U.S. From late May to late July, there is no darkness at all-20 hours of sun (or clouds) and 4 hours of twilight. Following this period of "white nights," the sun slowly retreats, and by October the days begin to shorten as rapidly as they lengthened in the spring. Earthquakes are common in Iceland, but are rarely felt in Reykjavik. Volcanic activity is infrequent but rather spectacular when an eruption does occur. The underwater volcano that created the new island of Surtsey in the Westmann Islands off the south coast began erupting in November 1963 and remained active through mid-1967. In January 1973, a volcanic eruption on Heimaey Island in the Westmann Islands forced the evacuation of all 5,000 residents and destroyed more than 300 homes and buildings. In the Krafla area, near Lake Myvatn, an eruption took place in December 1975, lasting several days; this area subsequently has seen seven lesser eruptions, and further volcanic activity is expected there. The most famous of Iceland's volcanoes, Mt. Hekla, which had been expected to remain dormant for a 100 years or so after its spectacular 1947 eruption, produced eruptions in August 1980, April 1981, and January 1991. A volcano under the Glacier Vatnajokull erupted in November 1996, melting tons of ice and creating destructive flooding.
Natural Hazards
earthquakes and volcanic activity
Current Environmental Issues
water pollution from fertilizer runoff; inadequate wastewater treatment
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People & Demographics

Religion

Languages Spoken

Icelandic, English, Nordic languages, German widely spoken

  • German
  • Icelandic

Population

Population
376,248
Population in Major Urban Areas
REYKJAVIK (capital) 206,000
Nationality Noun
Icelander(s)
Ethnic Groups
homogeneous mixture of descendants of Norse and Celts 94%, population of foreign origin 6%
Language Note
Icelandic is part of the North Germanic branches of languages, and so is most closely related to Norwegian, Swedish, Danish and Faroese Icelandic is based on the Latin alphabet, with the addition of Þ, ð, æ, and the diacritics á, é, í, ó, ú and ö Icelandic developed into a distinct Scandinavian language around the 12th century.

Education

Literacy Definition
age 15 and over can read and write

Health Information

Life Expectancy at Birth
Iceland consistently ranks among the world's leaders in life expectancy, reflecting the country's high standard of living, universal healthcare access, and healthy lifestyle habits. As of the most recent data, the average life expectancy at birth in Iceland is approximately 83 to 84 years, with women typically living longer than men. Icelandic women have an average life expectancy of around 85 to 86 years, while men average approximately 81 to 82 years. Several factors contribute to Iceland's exceptional longevity. The country benefits from a robust universal healthcare system that provides comprehensive medical services to all residents, emphasizing preventive care and early intervention. Iceland also maintains relatively low rates of obesity compared to many other developed nations, and its population enjoys a diet traditionally rich in fish and seafood, which supports cardiovascular health. Environmental quality plays a meaningful role as well. Iceland's air is among the cleanest in the world, largely due to the country's reliance on geothermal and hydroelectric energy rather than fossil fuels. Pollution-related health burdens that affect life expectancy in many industrialized nations are significantly reduced in Iceland as a result. Social stability and economic equality are additional contributors. Iceland consistently scores highly on measures of income equality and social cohesion, both of which are strongly associated with positive population health outcomes. The country also invests heavily in education and public health infrastructure, reinforcing long-term improvements in quality of life. Iceland's infant mortality rate is extremely low, at roughly 1 to 2 deaths per 1,000 live births, which also bolsters overall life expectancy at birth figures. The country has maintained its position among the top-performing nations globally for decades, and the trend has remained stable or has continued to improve over time. When compared globally, Iceland frequently places among the top five to ten countries worldwide for life expectancy, alongside nations such as Japan, Switzerland, and Australia. This consistent performance underscores the effectiveness of Iceland's public health model and the broader social conditions that support a long and healthy life for its citizens.
Infant Mortality Rate
Iceland consistently ranks among the countries with the lowest infant mortality rates in the world, reflecting its exceptional healthcare infrastructure, high standard of living, and strong public health policies. The infant mortality rate measures the number of deaths of children under one year of age per 1,000 live births, and Iceland's figures in this category are among the most impressive globally. In recent years, Iceland's infant mortality rate has hovered around 1 to 2 deaths per 1,000 live births, placing it in the same tier as other Nordic nations such as Finland, Norway, and Sweden, all of which are recognized global leaders in child health outcomes. For context, the global average infant mortality rate is approximately 27 to 28 deaths per 1,000 live births, making Iceland's rate dramatically lower than the worldwide norm. Several factors contribute to this achievement. Iceland provides universal access to prenatal and postnatal healthcare, ensuring that expectant mothers receive comprehensive medical attention throughout pregnancy and after birth. The country has a highly trained medical workforce, well-equipped hospitals, and robust systems for monitoring maternal and neonatal health. Breastfeeding support programs, newborn screening initiatives, and vaccination coverage rates that consistently approach 100% all contribute to keeping infant mortality exceptionally low. Iceland's small population — roughly 370,000 to 380,000 people — means that even a handful of infant deaths in a given year can cause slight statistical fluctuation in the annual rate. In some years, the country has recorded rates approaching zero, though demographers typically note that small population sizes can make year-to-year comparisons less statistically stable than in larger nations. Socioeconomic conditions also play a significant role. Iceland has low levels of poverty, high educational attainment among women, generous parental leave policies, and strong social safety nets — all of which are closely correlated with positive infant health outcomes internationally. Overall, Iceland's infant mortality statistics serve as a benchmark for what is achievable when universal healthcare access, social equality, and investment in maternal and child health are sustained national priorities.

Life Expectancy

Life Expectancy at Birth
Iceland consistently ranks among the world's leaders in life expectancy, reflecting the country's high standard of living, universal healthcare access, and healthy lifestyle habits. As of the most recent data, the average life expectancy at birth in Iceland is approximately 83 to 84 years, with women typically living longer than men. Icelandic women have an average life expectancy of around 85 to 86 years, while men average approximately 81 to 82 years. Several factors contribute to Iceland's exceptional longevity. The country benefits from a robust universal healthcare system that provides comprehensive medical services to all residents, emphasizing preventive care and early intervention. Iceland also maintains relatively low rates of obesity compared to many other developed nations, and its population enjoys a diet traditionally rich in fish and seafood, which supports cardiovascular health. Environmental quality plays a meaningful role as well. Iceland's air is among the cleanest in the world, largely due to the country's reliance on geothermal and hydroelectric energy rather than fossil fuels. Pollution-related health burdens that affect life expectancy in many industrialized nations are significantly reduced in Iceland as a result. Social stability and economic equality are additional contributors. Iceland consistently scores highly on measures of income equality and social cohesion, both of which are strongly associated with positive population health outcomes. The country also invests heavily in education and public health infrastructure, reinforcing long-term improvements in quality of life. Iceland's infant mortality rate is extremely low, at roughly 1 to 2 deaths per 1,000 live births, which also bolsters overall life expectancy at birth figures. The country has maintained its position among the top-performing nations globally for decades, and the trend has remained stable or has continued to improve over time. When compared globally, Iceland frequently places among the top five to ten countries worldwide for life expectancy, alongside nations such as Japan, Switzerland, and Australia. This consistent performance underscores the effectiveness of Iceland's public health model and the broader social conditions that support a long and healthy life for its citizens.
Infant Mortality Rate
Iceland consistently ranks among the countries with the lowest infant mortality rates in the world, reflecting its exceptional healthcare infrastructure, high standard of living, and strong public health policies. The infant mortality rate measures the number of deaths of children under one year of age per 1,000 live births, and Iceland's figures in this category are among the most impressive globally. In recent years, Iceland's infant mortality rate has hovered around 1 to 2 deaths per 1,000 live births, placing it in the same tier as other Nordic nations such as Finland, Norway, and Sweden, all of which are recognized global leaders in child health outcomes. For context, the global average infant mortality rate is approximately 27 to 28 deaths per 1,000 live births, making Iceland's rate dramatically lower than the worldwide norm. Several factors contribute to this achievement. Iceland provides universal access to prenatal and postnatal healthcare, ensuring that expectant mothers receive comprehensive medical attention throughout pregnancy and after birth. The country has a highly trained medical workforce, well-equipped hospitals, and robust systems for monitoring maternal and neonatal health. Breastfeeding support programs, newborn screening initiatives, and vaccination coverage rates that consistently approach 100% all contribute to keeping infant mortality exceptionally low. Iceland's small population — roughly 370,000 to 380,000 people — means that even a handful of infant deaths in a given year can cause slight statistical fluctuation in the annual rate. In some years, the country has recorded rates approaching zero, though demographers typically note that small population sizes can make year-to-year comparisons less statistically stable than in larger nations. Socioeconomic conditions also play a significant role. Iceland has low levels of poverty, high educational attainment among women, generous parental leave policies, and strong social safety nets — all of which are closely correlated with positive infant health outcomes internationally. Overall, Iceland's infant mortality statistics serve as a benchmark for what is achievable when universal healthcare access, social equality, and investment in maternal and child health are sustained national priorities.
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Government & Politics

Country Identity

Country Name
Iceland
Full Country Name
Republic of Iceland
Local - Long
Lydhveldidh Island
Local - Short
Island

Government Structure

Government Type
constitutional republic
Legal System
civil law system based on Danish law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Executive Branch
chief of state: President Gudni Th. JOHANNESSON (since 1 August 2016) head of government: Prime Minister Bjarni BENEDIKTSSON (since 9 April 2024) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister elections: president, largely a ceremonial post, is elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 1 June 2024 (next to be held June 2028); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually the prime minister election results: Gudni Th. JOHANNESSON reelected president in 2020, running unopposed; Bjarni BENEDIKTSSON appointed prime minister following the collapse of the previous coalition government led by Katrin JAKOBSDOTTIR
Legislative Branch
Unicameral Parliament or Althing (63 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) Elections: Last held on 25 September 2021 (next to be held by 2025) Election results: Percent of vote by party - Left-Green Movement 12.6%, Independence Party 24.4%, Progressive Party 17.3%, Pirate Party 9.9%, People's Party 8.9%, Reform Party 8.3%, Centre Party 5.4%, Social Democratic Alliance 9.9%; seats by party - Independence Party 16, Progressive Party 13, Left-Green Movement 8, Social Democratic Alliance 7, Pirate Party 6, People's Party 6, Reform Party 5, Centre Party 2
Judicial Branch
Supreme Court or Haestirettur (justices are appointed for life by the Minister of Justice); eight district courts (justices are appointed for life by the Minister of Justice)
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Constitution
16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944
Independence
1 December 1918 (became a sovereign state under the Danish Crown); 17 June 1944 (from Denmark)
National Holiday
Independence Day, 17 June (1944)

Capital City

Capital Name
Reykjavik
Capital - geographic coordinate
64 09 N, 21 57 W
Capital Time Difference
UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

The name means "smoky bay" in Icelandic and refers to the steamy, smoke-like vapors discharged by hot springs in the area

Military

Branches: no regular military forces; Icelandic National Police; Icelandic Coast Guard

Embassy / Diplomatic Mission

U.S. Embassy Reykjavik

Laufasvegur 21

101 Reykjavik

Telephone: 354-562-9100

Emergency After-Hours Telephone: 011-354-595-2248

Fax: 354-562-9110

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Economy

Iceland has a Nordic-style mixed economy that combines free-market capitalism with an extensive welfare system, universal healthcare, strong labor protections, and a relatively even distribution of income.

Snapshot

Currency Name and Code
Euro (EUR)
GDP — official exchange rate
$13,050,000,000 (USD)
GDP Real Growth Rate
4.1%
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News & Weather

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Climate Overview

Despite its location close to the Arctic Circle, Reykjavik's climate is similar to that of the northwestern U.S., although cooler and windier. The Gulf Stream helps keep the annual mean temperature at 40°F. Changes between summer and winter are not extreme. It is rarely very cold in winter or warm in summer. Winter temperatures below 20°F are unusual, as are summer temperatures above 60°F. The wind blows year round, however, and a wind chill factor between -15°F and 10°F is common in winter.

Cooler weather lasts from October through April. Snow may fall in Reykjavik as early as September and as late as June, but the normal season is between October or November and March or April. Even in midwinter, rain is as likely as snow. A large accumulation of snow is rare. Average annual rainfall is 31 inches in Reykjavik. During winter and spring, winds in the capital can reach hurricane force.

Iceland is so far north that the amount of daylight varies considerably throughout the year. An average daily gain of 6 minutes of daylight follows the winter solstice on December 21, and a daily loss of 6 minutes follows the summer solstice on June 21. December and January days have only about 4 hours of daylight; in February the days rapidly begin to lengthen; and by April they are as long as at midsummer in the U.S. From late May to late July, there is no darkness at all-20 hours of sun (or clouds) and 4 hours of twilight. Following this period of "white nights," the sun slowly retreats, and by October the days begin to shorten as rapidly as they lengthened in the spring.

Earthquakes are common in Iceland, but are rarely felt in Reykjavik. Volcanic activity is infrequent but rather spectacular when an eruption does occur. The underwater volcano that created the new island of Surtsey in the Westmann Islands off the south coast began erupting in November 1963 and remained active through mid-1967. In January 1973, a volcanic eruption on Heimaey Island in the Westmann Islands forced the evacuation of all 5,000 residents and destroyed more than 300 homes and buildings. In the Krafla area, near Lake Myvatn, an eruption took place in December 1975, lasting several days; this area subsequently has seen seven lesser eruptions, and further volcanic activity is expected there. The most famous of Iceland's volcanoes, Mt. Hekla, which had been expected to remain dormant for a 100 years or so after its spectacular 1947 eruption, produced eruptions in August 1980, April 1981, and January 1991. A volcano under the Glacier Vatnajokull erupted in November 1996, melting tons of ice and creating destructive flooding.

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Frequently Asked Questions

What is the population of Iceland?
The population of Iceland is approximately 376,248.
How do people greet each other in Iceland?
Icelanders greet with phrases like "Good Morning," "Good day," or "Halló" (hello), typically accompanied by a handshake. Do: Use a handshake when greeting Address people by their first name Icelanders are very proud of their language, which descends from the ancient Vikings Everyone is on first-name terms, with the only titled exceptions being the president and the bishop of Iceland
What is the food and dining culture like in Iceland?
Fish is very popular, and Icelandic cuisine also features dishes like skyr (a yogurt-like dish) and delicate pancakes called pönnukökur, while most produce is imported or greenhouse-grown due to the short growing season. Try skyr, made from skim milk and a bacteria culture, which can be eaten at any meal Pönnukökur are thin pancakes dusted with brown sugar or jam, or folded with whipped cream During the Þorrablót festival (first Friday after January 19th), traditional Viking-era preserved foods are served, such as hákarl (petrified shark meat), blóðmör (blood pudding), pickled ram's testicles, jellied sheep's head, and smoked lamb Broiled puffin, whale blubber, whale steaks, and seal meat are available from time to time
What social etiquette should I know in Iceland?
Icelanders are casual in their visiting, rarely send formal invitations, and tend to socialize late—especially on weekends. Do: Expect casual, informal socializing Gather at someone's home before heading downtown Don't: Don't turn up downtown before midnight—it's considered unfashionable Don't expect strict punctuality, as Icelanders' busy lifestyles often make them late for appointments On Friday nights, friends congregate at a home around 9 PM before going downtown around midnight; bars close at 3 AM In winter, most socializing is done in the home due to the cold In this small, close-knit society, deeds are easily found out and discussed among peers
How should I dress in Iceland?
Icelanders consider themselves stylish and favor clothing from the US, the UK, and Europe, but warm clothing is required for most of the year due to the cold. Do: Bring warm clothing for most of the year Dress up for special occasions Teens usually wear baggy jeans and comfortable shirts, dressing up only for special occasions Beauty pageants and modeling contests are extremely popular
What is family life like in Iceland?
Icelanders rate family as more important than social life, possessions, or work, and use a patronymic naming system based on the father's (or sometimes mother's) first name. Surnames are formed by adding -son (son) or -dóttir (daughter) to a parent's first name, e.g., Pétursdóttir Because there are hardly any family names, people call each other by their first name Many couples live together and may have their first child before marrying, often waiting until they can afford their own home Weddings usually take place in a church, and children may act as flower-bearers or assistants
What do people do for recreation in Iceland?
Handball and soccer are the two most popular sports, and Icelanders also enjoy hiking, horseback riding, chess, bridge, and swimming in geothermally heated pools. Try glíma, a traditional Icelandic wrestling similar to sumo, where wrestlers grab harnesses on the thighs and hips Hiking is a favorite way to see the scenery, with cross-country skiing as a winter alternative Nearly every community has its own outdoor geothermally heated swimming pool Boxing is banned in Iceland Fishing for trout and salmon is popular, though licenses can be expensive; the Akureyri Golf Club hosts the Arctic Open in late June
What is the capital of Iceland?
Reykjavik is the capital and largest city of Iceland, situated on the southwestern coast of the island. It is one of the world's northernmost capital cities and serves as the country's political, economic, and cultural hub. Founded by Norse settlers in the late 9th century, Reykjavik today is home to the majority of Iceland's population and is renowned for its colorful architecture, geothermal heating systems, and vibrant arts scene.
Where is Iceland located?
Iceland is a North Atlantic island nation situated just below the Arctic Circle, positioned between Greenland to the west and Norway to the east. Geographically it straddles the boundary between the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. Though geologically part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Iceland is politically and culturally considered part of Northern Europe. Its remote location has shaped a fiercely independent national identity that developed over more than a millennium of settlement.
What are Iceland's ocean and sea borders?
As an island nation, Iceland shares no land borders with any other country. It is surrounded by the North Atlantic Ocean to the south and west and the Greenland Sea to the north. The Denmark Strait separates Iceland from Greenland to the northwest, while the Norwegian Sea lies to the northeast. This oceanic isolation has historically defined Iceland's development, economy, and culture, with fishing and maritime activity playing central roles throughout its history.
What religion is practiced in Iceland?
Evangelical Lutheranism is the dominant religion in Iceland, practiced by approximately 87% of the population. It has been the state church since the Reformation in the 16th century and remains deeply embedded in national identity, even as active church attendance has declined in recent decades. Other Protestant denominations account for roughly 4% of the population, with an additional 7% adhering to various other faiths. Iceland is nonetheless considered one of the more secular societies in Europe in terms of everyday religious practice.
What is the currency of Iceland?
The official currency of Iceland is the Euro (EUR). Iceland's economy is highly developed, with key sectors including fishing and fish processing, aluminum smelting, geothermal energy, and tourism. The country consistently ranks among the world's highest in terms of income per capita, literacy, and social cohesion. Financial services also play a notable role, though the sector gained international attention following the dramatic banking collapse of 2008 and Iceland's subsequent economic recovery.
What language is spoken in Iceland?
Icelandic is the official language of Iceland, a North Germanic language descended directly from Old Norse and remarkably unchanged over the past thousand years. English is widely spoken and understood across the country, particularly in Reykjavik and tourist areas. Nordic languages such as Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish are also commonly encountered, and German is spoken by a significant portion of the population. Iceland has historically taken a deliberate approach to preserving the Icelandic language, coining new words rather than adopting foreign terms.
What is the geography of Iceland like?
Iceland is a volcanically active island formed entirely by eruptions along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, where the Eurasian and North American tectonic plates meet. The landscape is dramatically varied, featuring glaciers, lava fields, hot springs, geysers, fjords, and active volcanoes. The interior highlands are largely uninhabitable, and most of the population lives along the coastal lowlands. This intense geothermal activity provides Icelanders with an abundant supply of naturally heated water, used to heat homes and generate electricity across the country.
What is Iceland known for?
Iceland is known for its extraordinary geological landscape, particularly the Vatnajökull glacier — the largest in Europe — and its numerous active volcanoes, including the Askja, whose 1875 eruption caused a famine that drove 20% of the population to emigrate. The country is also famed for the Althing, established in 930 and recognized as the world's oldest functioning legislative assembly. Culturally, Iceland is noted for its unique patronymic naming tradition, in which a person's last name is derived from their father's first name, and for a distinctive seasonal culture in which long summer days inspire late-night outdoor activity in sharp contrast to the withdrawn pace of winter.

Last reviewed 2026

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